2021-04-07
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – Adding ending
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Common Errors In English Usage DictionaryAdding ending
Adding ending
Usually endings (suffixes) can be added to base words
withoutany complications.
You just add them and that is that!
e.g. iron + ing = ironing
steam + er = steamer
list + less = listless
However, there are four groups of words which need especial care.
Fortunately, there are some straightforward rules
which save your learningthousands of words individually.
(1) The 1-1-1 rule
This rule applies to:
wordsof ONE syllable
ending with ONE consonant
precededby ONE vowel
e.g. drop, flat, sun, win.
When you add an ending
beginning with a consonant to a 1-1-1 word,
there is no change to the base word:
drop + let = droplet
flat + ly = flatly
win + some = winsome
When you add an ending
beginning with a vowel to a 1-1-1 word,
you double the final letter of the base word:
drop + ed = dropped
flat + est = flattest
win + ing = winning
sun + *y = sunny
*y counts as a vowel when it sounds like i or e.
See VOWELS.
Treat qu as one letter:
quit + ing = quitting
quip + ed = quipped
Don’t double final w and x.
They would look very odd and so we have correctly:
tax + ing = taxing
paw + ed = pawed
(2) The magic -e rule
This rule applies to all words ending with a silent -e.
e.g.hope, care, achieve, sincere, separate.
When you add an ending
beginning with a consonant,
keep the -e:
hope + ful = hopeful
care + less = careless
sincere + ly = sincerely
separate + ly = separately
achieve + ment = achievement
When you add an ending
beginning with a vowel,
drop the -e:
hope + ing = hoping
care + er = carer
sincere + ity = sincerity
separate + ion = separation
achieve + ed = achieved
Do, however, keep the -e in
words like singeing (different from singing)
and dyeing (different from dying)
and whenever you need to keep the identity
of the base word clear (e.g. shoeing, canoeing).
Doremember to keep the -e with soft c and soft g words.
It’s the e that keeps them soft (courageous, traceable).
(See SOFT C AND SOFT G.)
Don’tkeep the -e with these eight exceptions to the rule:
truly, duly, ninth, argument, wholly, awful, whilst, wisdom.
(3) -y rule
This rule applies to all words ending in -y.
Look at the letter before the -y in the base word.
It doesn’t matter at all
what kind of ending you are adding.
When you add an ending
to a word ending in a vowel + y,
keep the y:
portray + ed = portrayed
employ + ment = employment
When you add an ending
to a word ending in a consonant + y,
change the y to i:
try +al = trial
empty + er = emptier
pity + less = pitiless
lazy + ness = laziness
Do keep the y when adding -ing.
Two i’s together would look very odd,
despite our two words ski-ing and taxi-ing.
try + ing = trying
empty + ing = emptying
Don’t apply the rule in these fourteen cases:
daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, slain,
babyhood, shyly, shyness, dryness, slyness, wryly, wryness.
(4) The 2-1-1 rule
This rule applies to:
words of TWO syllables
ending with ONE consonant
preceded by ONE vowel.
With this rule, it all depends on
which syllable of the word is stressed.
The 2-1-1 words below are
stressed on the first syllable,
and both vowel and consonant endings are added
without any complications:
gossip gossiping
target targeted
limit limitless
eager eagerness
But note that
kidnap, outfit, worship,
always double their final letter.
kidnapped, outfitter, worshipping
Take care with 2-1-1 words
which are stressed on the second syllable.
There is no change when you add a consonant ending:
forget + ful = forgetful
equip + ment = equipment
Double the final consonant
of the base word when you add a vowel ending:
forget + ing = forgetting
equip + ed = equipped
forbid + en = forbidden
begin + er = beginner
This rule is really valuable
butyou must be aware of some exceptions:
" 2-1-1 words ending in -l
seem to have a rule all of their own.
Whetherthe stress is on the first or the second syllable,
there is no change when a consonant ending is added:
quarrel + some = quarrelsome
instal + ment = instalment
Double the -l when adding a vowel ending:
quarrel + ing = quarrelling
instal + ed = installed
excel + ent = excellent
" Notice how the change of stress
in these words affects the spelling:
confer conferred conferring conference
defer deferred deferring deference
infer inferred inferring inference
prefer preferred preferring preference
refer referred referring reference
transfer transferred transferring transference
See also-ABLE/-IBLE; -ANCE,-ANT/-ENCE,-ENT; -CAL/-CLE; -FUL;-LY.
