2020-11-21
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด O – other & otherwise
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง other = ‘UHTH-er’
ออกเสียง otherwise = ‘UHTH-er-wahyz’
Collins English Dictionary
Usage:
The expression
otherwise than means in any other way than
and should not be followed by anadjective:
no-one taught by this method can be other than
(not otherwise than) successful;
you are not allowed to use the building otherwise than as a private dwelling
Collins COBUILD English Usage
other
1. 'the other'
When you are talking about two people or things
and have already referred to one of them,
you refer to the second one as the other or the other one.
They had two little daughters, one a baby, the other a girl of twelve.
He blew out one of the candles and moved the other one.
2. 'the others'
When you are talking about several people or things
and have already referred to one or more of them,
you usually refer to the remaining ones as the others.
Jack and the others paid no attention.
First, concentrate only on the important tasks, then move on to the others.
3. 'others'
When you have been talking about some people or things
of a particular type,
you refer to more people or things of this type as others.
Some players are better than others in these weather conditions.
The couple had one biological child and adopted three others.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'the' with others in sentences like these.
Don't say, for example, 'Some players are better than the others'.
4. 'another'
When you have been talking about people or things of a particular type, you can refer to one more person or thing ofthis type as another or another one.
I saw one girl whispering to another.
There was something wrong with the car he had hired and he had to hire another one.
See another
5. used in front of nouns
The other, other, and another can be used in a similar way in front of countable nouns.
The other girls followed, thinking there may be some news for them too.
The roof was covered with straw and other materials.
He opened another shop last month.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Otherwise
1. use and position in clause
You use otherwise when you arementioning
an undesirable situation which would occur
if something did not happen.
You usually put otherwise at the beginning of a clause.
Well you've got to laugh, haven't you. Otherwise, you'd cry.
I'm lucky that I'm interested in school work, otherwise I'd go mad.
Be Careful!
You do not use 'or' in front of otherwise.
2. used in relative clauses
Otherwise is sometimes used in a relative clause that contains a modal. You put otherwise afterthe modal or at the end of the clause.
They support services which would otherwise be uneconomic.
He was lured into a crime he would not otherwise have committed.
We have met interesting people over the years, people we wouldn't have met otherwise.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
When used to connect two relatedclauses,
otherwise is usually classified asa conjunctive adverb,
which by grammatical tradition should bepreceded
either by a semicolon or by a period.
But because otherwise often means"or else" in these contexts,
and or else behaves as a subordinating conjunction,
otherwise is often treated as a conjunction and is preceded by a comma,
sometimes even in publications that predominantly treat it as a conjunctive adverb.
This usage tends to be more common innarrative and dialogue:
"Mr. Radish is flabby, slope-shouldered, otherwise he'd be tall as Ira Early. But lacking what you'd call dignity, stature" (Joyce Carol Oates). Copyeditors tend to prefer the more traditional punctuation using the preceding semicolon or period. The Usage Panel supports this practice without roundly condemning the alternative. In our 2006 survey, some 51 percent rejected a sentence in which otherwise is preceded by a comma (The store must be open, otherwise there wouldn't be anyone inside).
But 70 percent said that this sentence would be acceptable if a semicolon was used.
When introducing a new clause,
otherwise is often followed by a comma:
"On Thanksgiving, the staff got an hour for dinner; otherwise, the schedule was the same" (Janet Reitman).2011
A preceding comma is required when otherwise is used to introduce a contrasting phrase and means "in another manner:"
The student has symptoms of pertussis, otherwise known as whooping cough.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
Ivanka: "An 'Otherwise' Incredible Day"
Lookups spike after massive Twitter backlash.
20 Sep 2017
Otherwise, rose to the top of our lookups on September 20th, 2017, after widespread backlash to Ivanka Trump's unconventional use of the word in a tweet.
Otherwise has been in English use for a considerable length of time, as an adverb (from the 13th century), an adjective (from the 14th century), and as a pronoun (since the 15th century). It may be traced back to the Old English (on) ōthre wīsan ("in another manner).
The adverb sense that Trump was employing is mostoften used to indicate "in other respects."
In "Margery," a girl in white on a sofa, the face is not the best part of an other wise well-painted portrait. — The Scotsman (Edinburgh, Scotland), 28 Feb. 1913
I caught bass continuously but their individual capture is not worth recording except to say that they absorbed the best part of an otherwise endless night. — Anthony Pearson, The Guardian (London, UK), 18 Dec. 1971
This hit parade from the past is the best part of an otherwise tedious tale of a Liverpool docker's midlife crisis, which he is handling rather badly. — The New York Times, 19 Aug. 1990
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Is other a verb?
Like many English words, other possessesgreat flexibility in meaning and function. Over the past few centuries, it has served as an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and a pronoun. In recent decades, other has increased its part-of-speech portfolio to include verb use, having acquired the meaning "to treat or consider (a person or a group of people) as alien to oneself or one's group (as because of different racial, sexual, or cultural characteristics).”
Some people find it disconcerting when a word takes on a new part of speech, a process known as functional shift.
The phenomenon is quite common, however -- our language contains many thousands of words which have been formed in this fashion.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
an 'Other' Be Used as a Verb?
'Other': a verb that sets itself apart
Update: This word was added in November 2017.
The word other has numerous senses in the dictionary.
It's most familiar as an adjective: "being the one (as of two or more) remaining or not included,"
as in "held on with one hand and waved with the other one".
'Other', which we enter as an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, and an adverb, is increasingly being used as a verb meaning "to treat that culture as fundamentally different from another class of individuals, often by emphasizing its apartness."
Another sense of the adjective expands on this idea of apartness: "disturbing or threateningly different : ALIEN, EXOTIC," as in:
The belief that animals are so other as to be gods, on the other hand, gives yet another swing to the pendulum, and produces a reason to eat such animals after all—to eat them ritually. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Other Peoples' Myths, 1995
As discussions surrounding diversity and inclusiveness become more prevalent in our political discourse, we are becoming familiar with a different use of other, that as a verb:
You go in and don't have to go some dark, scary corner for the plus-size section. It can make you feel like you're not being othered and dehumanized. Amanda Levitt, quoted in Detroit Free Press, 2 Nov. 2016
He later amended that specific law, but that didn’t take away from his long record of othering the [gay] community, such as in 2006 when he said gay coupling would cause “societal collapse.” Todd Van Luling, The Huffington Post, 5 Oct. 2016
Immigration has been a hot-button topic throughout this election cycle, and an unfair portrayal of the immigrants in the country has surfaced. They have even been othered by some candidates, which is unfair considering they are a vital part of this nation we all call home. Angelica Lawson, Iowa State Daily, 19 Oct. 2016
The use of other as a verb isrooted in sociology: to other a certain culture or individual is to treat that culture as fundamentally different from another class of individuals, often by emphasizing its apartness in traits that differ from one's own. The idea of othering, as sociologist Yiannis Gabriel describes it, is evident in the use of the term barbarian to refer to a foreign culture; Gabriel posits that "it may be initiated by an encounter between civilizations that have no previous tradition of contact or understanding."
Othering can be as simple as speaking of a group of people as "them" in relation to another's "us," or even putting the definite article the in front of a label, as linguist Lynne Murphy writes in Quartz:
“The” makes the group seem like it’s a large, uniform mass, rather than a diverse group of individuals. This is the key to “othering:” treating people from another group as less human than one’s own group. The Nazis did it when they talked about die Juden (“the Jews”). Homophobes do it when they talk about “the gays.” In my research on British and American cultural relations, I’ve found that British writers’ views on American English are a good predictor of whether they’ll write “Americans say it that way” or “The Americans say it that way.” Those who feel that American English threatens British English use “the” to hold Americans at arm’s length (possibly while holding their noses).
Targets of othering can range from race togender to sexuality to regional accents to hair color.
It's the notion behind a term like black sheep ("a disfavored or disreputable member of a group"), which only makes sense when one thinks of sheep with white fleece as the only normal kind.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
other & otherwise
As an adjective other means
(1) “additional” or “further” (one other person);
(2) “different” (coming from some other village);
(3) “former” (some customs of other days);
(4) “second” (every other week);
(5) “recent” (the other night); and
(6) “remaining of two or more (on the other hand, the other clerks).
As a noun, other means “the other one” (each loves the other).
Other can also be used as an adverb:
“He could not do other than speak out.”
In adverbial use, otherwise is preferable:
“He could not do otherwise than speak out.”
Otherwise can also be used as an adjective:
“Jack hoped that Mary’s response would be otherwise.”
