2023-03-25 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I – Illegal - unlawful - illicit
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ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Illegal = ‘ih-LEE-guhl’
ออกเสียง Unlawful = uhn-LAW-fuhl’
ออกเสียง Illicit = ‘ih-LIS-it’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR ILLEGAL
Illegal, unlawful, illegitimate, illicit, criminal
can all describe actions not in accord with law.
Illegal refers most specifically to
violations of statutes
or, in organized athletics, codified rules:
an illegal seizure of property; an illegal block ( in football ).
Unlawful means not sanctioned
by or according to law:
an unlawful claim to the inheritance; to take unlawful advantage of the trading situation.
Illegitimate means lacking legal
or traditional right or rights:
an illegitimate child; illegitimate use of privileged knowledge.
Illicit, which originally meant simply
“not permitted,” now most often applies
to matters regulated by law with
specific emphasis on the way things are carried out:
illicit conversion of property;
an illicit attempt to control the market.
Criminal most often refers to
violation of the statutes of penal as opposed to civil law.
All felonies are criminal as are all crimes sometimes punishable by death.
such as murder, arson, and kidnapping: a criminal act.
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
illegal
forbidden by law or statute:
an illegal U-turn;
forbidden by official rules or regulations:
an illegal block (in football);
something that is unacceptable to
or not performed by a computer:
an illegal operation
Not to be confused with:
illegitimate – born out of wedlock:
an illegitimate child;
not sanctioned by law or custom:
an illegitimate action;
not in proper grammatical usage
illicit – not legally permitted or authorized:
an illicit attempt to control the market;
unlicensed;
prohibited;
not permitted by custom;
disapproved of or not permitted for moral or ethical reasons
unlawful – contrary to law:
unlawful search and seizure;
born out of wedlock
[All of the above describe actions
that are not in accord with the law.
However, there are some differences
in meaning among the words.
Illegal refers most specifically
to violations of statutes or codified rules:
illegal seizure of property.
Illegitimate means lacking legal
or traditional rights:
illegitimate use of privileged information.
Illicit most often applies to matters
regulated by law with emphasis on the way
things are carried out:
illicit conversion of property.
Unlawful means not sanctioned by law:
an unlawful claim to an inheritance.]
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Illegal – unlawful
These words mean
“contrary to statutes and regulations,”
“not legal.”
Illegal is restricted to these meanings,
but unlawful, a more general term,
is also applied to acts that are not only against the law
but generally unauthorized or unacceptable.
That is, something unlawful
may go against not only the law but also moral standards;
a synonym for unlawful is illicit.
For example,
gambling is not illegal in some states,
but in every state some persons considered it unlawful.
An unlawful act may not be illegal,
but it is always “not approved,”
“not sanctioned.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Illicit and Elicit
Illicit, while not exactly an everyday word,
is far more common than its antonym,
licit ("not forbidden by law, permissible").
Perhaps this is a function of our oft-noted
fascination with bad behavior and boredom with rectitude.
In any case,
illicit may be used of behavior
that is either unlawful or immoral.
These categories frequently overlap,
but they are not always synonymous,
as some unlawful activities
(illicit cigarette smoking) may not be considered immoral,
while some immoral activities (an illicit affair) are not illegal.
Illicit is occasionally confused with elicit
because of the similarity in their pronunciations,
but the two words have decidedly
different meanings and functions:
in contemporary English,
elicit is a verb meaning
"to get (a response, information, etc.) from someone," while illicit appears solely as an adjective.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The Difference Between 'Elicit' and 'Illicit'
A tale of a verb and an adjective that sound alike
but have nothing to do with one another
What to Know
While they may sound and look similar,
illicit is an adjective describing
something that is illegal or not permitted,
while elicit is a verb meaning
"to bring forth a reaction or response."
Elicit can be traced back to lacere, which means "to allure,"
while illicit is related to licēre, which means "to be permitted."
Say them fast—or even slow—in isolation,
and no one will know which one you mean.
Elicit play and illicit play both rhyme with the likes of explicit and complicit.
But beyond being auditorily indistinguishable,
they are used very differently.
Usage of 'Illicit'
Illicit is an adjective applied to no-nos.
It's used to talk about things people aren't supposed to do.
Something illicit is not permitted especially because it is illegal:
… Silk Road, a dark web bazaar where users could buy and sell drugs and other illicit items, often using bitcoin.
— Reason Magazine 1 July 2018
Three years ago, when James joined Ghana's anti-smuggling task force, his job was to intercept illicit cocoa shipments from neighboring Ivory Coast to preserve the superior quality of his country's beans.
— Joe Bavier, Reuters, 28 July 2014
The word is also sometimes used to evoke
a mood related to what is not permitted:
… before 1920, women had hesitated to drink in public alongside men, but the glamorously illicit atmosphere of speakeasies dissolved that taboo.
— Celia Wren, Commonweal, 23 Sept. 2011
Illicit can be useful as an alternative to the word illegal:
He is credited with taking a number of illegal firearms and illicit drugs off the streets.
— Jason Anderson, The Record (Stockton, California), 23 Feb. 2013
But, like its synonym unlawful,
illicit also describes what may be legal
but is still otherwise not permitted,
especially because it is outside moral norms:
When the decade of the fifties began, sex was still something of an illicit subject in America.
— David Halberstam, American Heritage, May/June 1993
It's sometimes used somewhat playfully:
Just call them Romeo and Zoo-liet: a male zebra hopped a fence at an Italian animal preserve to mate with his seemingly illicit lover, a female donkey. Their offspring? A zonkey, of course, which zookeepers promptly named Ippo. Alas, her wacky DNA means she's infertile, so don't expect a zonkeydonk.
—Time, 12 Aug. 2013
Usage of ‘Elicit’
Elicit, on the other hand, is a verb.
In contemporary English
it’s used to talk about calling forth
or drawing out a response or reaction from someone:
During the concert (which was amazing) the lead singer gave several impassioned speeches about kindness and acceptance, which elicited roars of approval from the crowd.
— Sherri Leimkuhler, The Carroll County (Maryland) Times, 15 Sept. 2018
Three lost souls with heart-rending stories, they clicked their way to Internet support groups, where they elicited outpourings of sympathy from fellow sufferers.
— Denise Grady, The New York Times, 23 Apr. 1998
The word’s original meaning,
“to draw or bring out (something latent or potential),”
is less common but is still current:
In a side experiment, the researchers treated a Merlot sample with benzothiadiazole—a hormone known to elicit plant defenses—which nearly tripled the Merlot’s melatonin levels.
— Jacob Gaffney, Wine Spectator, 15 Oct. 2006
Origins of 'Illicit' and 'Elicit'
The Latin ancestors of this pair are easy to confuse too.
Elicit comes from elicitus, illicit from illicitus.
But going back just a little further,
we find that elicit traces back beyond elicitus to lacere,
meaning "to allure,"
while illicitus comes ultimately from licēre,
meaning "to be permitted."
(Licēre has another English descendant in licit,
meaning "permitted by law"—sensibly, an antonym to illicit.)
And there we have it: two words that sound the same
and look similar, but that have very different uses.
Remember that
illicit is an adjective and
elicit is a verb and you'll be safe.
Right? Well, uh, not quite.
Though we won't go so far as to say that
the language is intentionally obstreperous,
(adj. noisy and difficult to control)
it's almost like the distinction was too neat for English to bear:
it turns out that elicit exists in adjectival form as well,
albeit in an archaic adjectival form.
Elicit as an adjective
describes an act that proceeds from the will:
Lastly, fasting is an act of many virtues; it is an elicit and proper act of temperance …
— Jeremy Taylor, The Rule of Conscience, 1828
The elicit act is contrasted with the imperate one,
which is commanded rather than chosen.
We understand if this last bit of information
elicits sighs and moans from our readers,
but we accept no blame for the language's intractability.
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Illegal = ‘ih-LEE-guhl’
ออกเสียง Unlawful = uhn-LAW-fuhl’
ออกเสียง Illicit = ‘ih-LIS-it’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR ILLEGAL
Illegal, unlawful, illegitimate, illicit, criminal
can all describe actions not in accord with law.
Illegal refers most specifically to
violations of statutes
or, in organized athletics, codified rules:
an illegal seizure of property; an illegal block ( in football ).
Unlawful means not sanctioned
by or according to law:
an unlawful claim to the inheritance; to take unlawful advantage of the trading situation.
Illegitimate means lacking legal
or traditional right or rights:
an illegitimate child; illegitimate use of privileged knowledge.
Illicit, which originally meant simply
“not permitted,” now most often applies
to matters regulated by law with
specific emphasis on the way things are carried out:
illicit conversion of property;
an illicit attempt to control the market.
Criminal most often refers to
violation of the statutes of penal as opposed to civil law.
All felonies are criminal as are all crimes sometimes punishable by death.
such as murder, arson, and kidnapping: a criminal act.
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
illegal
forbidden by law or statute:
an illegal U-turn;
forbidden by official rules or regulations:
an illegal block (in football);
something that is unacceptable to
or not performed by a computer:
an illegal operation
Not to be confused with:
illegitimate – born out of wedlock:
an illegitimate child;
not sanctioned by law or custom:
an illegitimate action;
not in proper grammatical usage
illicit – not legally permitted or authorized:
an illicit attempt to control the market;
unlicensed;
prohibited;
not permitted by custom;
disapproved of or not permitted for moral or ethical reasons
unlawful – contrary to law:
unlawful search and seizure;
born out of wedlock
[All of the above describe actions
that are not in accord with the law.
However, there are some differences
in meaning among the words.
Illegal refers most specifically
to violations of statutes or codified rules:
illegal seizure of property.
Illegitimate means lacking legal
or traditional rights:
illegitimate use of privileged information.
Illicit most often applies to matters
regulated by law with emphasis on the way
things are carried out:
illicit conversion of property.
Unlawful means not sanctioned by law:
an unlawful claim to an inheritance.]
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Illegal – unlawful
These words mean
“contrary to statutes and regulations,”
“not legal.”
Illegal is restricted to these meanings,
but unlawful, a more general term,
is also applied to acts that are not only against the law
but generally unauthorized or unacceptable.
That is, something unlawful
may go against not only the law but also moral standards;
a synonym for unlawful is illicit.
For example,
gambling is not illegal in some states,
but in every state some persons considered it unlawful.
An unlawful act may not be illegal,
but it is always “not approved,”
“not sanctioned.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Illicit and Elicit
Illicit, while not exactly an everyday word,
is far more common than its antonym,
licit ("not forbidden by law, permissible").
Perhaps this is a function of our oft-noted
fascination with bad behavior and boredom with rectitude.
In any case,
illicit may be used of behavior
that is either unlawful or immoral.
These categories frequently overlap,
but they are not always synonymous,
as some unlawful activities
(illicit cigarette smoking) may not be considered immoral,
while some immoral activities (an illicit affair) are not illegal.
Illicit is occasionally confused with elicit
because of the similarity in their pronunciations,
but the two words have decidedly
different meanings and functions:
in contemporary English,
elicit is a verb meaning
"to get (a response, information, etc.) from someone," while illicit appears solely as an adjective.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The Difference Between 'Elicit' and 'Illicit'
A tale of a verb and an adjective that sound alike
but have nothing to do with one another
What to Know
While they may sound and look similar,
illicit is an adjective describing
something that is illegal or not permitted,
while elicit is a verb meaning
"to bring forth a reaction or response."
Elicit can be traced back to lacere, which means "to allure,"
while illicit is related to licēre, which means "to be permitted."
Say them fast—or even slow—in isolation,
and no one will know which one you mean.
Elicit play and illicit play both rhyme with the likes of explicit and complicit.
But beyond being auditorily indistinguishable,
they are used very differently.
Usage of 'Illicit'
Illicit is an adjective applied to no-nos.
It's used to talk about things people aren't supposed to do.
Something illicit is not permitted especially because it is illegal:
… Silk Road, a dark web bazaar where users could buy and sell drugs and other illicit items, often using bitcoin.
— Reason Magazine 1 July 2018
Three years ago, when James joined Ghana's anti-smuggling task force, his job was to intercept illicit cocoa shipments from neighboring Ivory Coast to preserve the superior quality of his country's beans.
— Joe Bavier, Reuters, 28 July 2014
The word is also sometimes used to evoke
a mood related to what is not permitted:
… before 1920, women had hesitated to drink in public alongside men, but the glamorously illicit atmosphere of speakeasies dissolved that taboo.
— Celia Wren, Commonweal, 23 Sept. 2011
Illicit can be useful as an alternative to the word illegal:
He is credited with taking a number of illegal firearms and illicit drugs off the streets.
— Jason Anderson, The Record (Stockton, California), 23 Feb. 2013
But, like its synonym unlawful,
illicit also describes what may be legal
but is still otherwise not permitted,
especially because it is outside moral norms:
When the decade of the fifties began, sex was still something of an illicit subject in America.
— David Halberstam, American Heritage, May/June 1993
It's sometimes used somewhat playfully:
Just call them Romeo and Zoo-liet: a male zebra hopped a fence at an Italian animal preserve to mate with his seemingly illicit lover, a female donkey. Their offspring? A zonkey, of course, which zookeepers promptly named Ippo. Alas, her wacky DNA means she's infertile, so don't expect a zonkeydonk.
—Time, 12 Aug. 2013
Usage of ‘Elicit’
Elicit, on the other hand, is a verb.
In contemporary English
it’s used to talk about calling forth
or drawing out a response or reaction from someone:
During the concert (which was amazing) the lead singer gave several impassioned speeches about kindness and acceptance, which elicited roars of approval from the crowd.
— Sherri Leimkuhler, The Carroll County (Maryland) Times, 15 Sept. 2018
Three lost souls with heart-rending stories, they clicked their way to Internet support groups, where they elicited outpourings of sympathy from fellow sufferers.
— Denise Grady, The New York Times, 23 Apr. 1998
The word’s original meaning,
“to draw or bring out (something latent or potential),”
is less common but is still current:
In a side experiment, the researchers treated a Merlot sample with benzothiadiazole—a hormone known to elicit plant defenses—which nearly tripled the Merlot’s melatonin levels.
— Jacob Gaffney, Wine Spectator, 15 Oct. 2006
Origins of 'Illicit' and 'Elicit'
The Latin ancestors of this pair are easy to confuse too.
Elicit comes from elicitus, illicit from illicitus.
But going back just a little further,
we find that elicit traces back beyond elicitus to lacere,
meaning "to allure,"
while illicitus comes ultimately from licēre,
meaning "to be permitted."
(Licēre has another English descendant in licit,
meaning "permitted by law"—sensibly, an antonym to illicit.)
And there we have it: two words that sound the same
and look similar, but that have very different uses.
Remember that
illicit is an adjective and
elicit is a verb and you'll be safe.
Right? Well, uh, not quite.
Though we won't go so far as to say that
the language is intentionally obstreperous,
(adj. noisy and difficult to control)
it's almost like the distinction was too neat for English to bear:
it turns out that elicit exists in adjectival form as well,
albeit in an archaic adjectival form.
Elicit as an adjective
describes an act that proceeds from the will:
Lastly, fasting is an act of many virtues; it is an elicit and proper act of temperance …
— Jeremy Taylor, The Rule of Conscience, 1828
The elicit act is contrasted with the imperate one,
which is commanded rather than chosen.
We understand if this last bit of information
elicits sighs and moans from our readers,
but we accept no blame for the language's intractability.
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