2021-12-31 Ref.: www.gotoknow.org#
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – both . . and & each
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง both = ‘BOHTH’
ออกเสียง each = ‘EECH’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Both = the two; not only one:
both shows were canceled
Not to be confused with:
each =every one of two or more persons or things:
take two books each;
=every one individually:
Each one had a different opinion on the matter.;
=apiece:
The tickets are four dollars each.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR EACH
The adjective each is always followed by a singular noun:
each person; each book.
When the adjective follows a plural subject,
the verb agrees with the subject:
They each dress in different styles.
The houses each have central heating.
When the pronoun each comes immediately before the verb,
it always takes a singular verb:
Each comes (not come ) from a different country.
When the pronoun is followed by an of phrase
containing a plural noun or pronoun,
there is a tendency for the verb to be plural:
Each of the candidates has (or have ) spoken on the issue.
Some usage guides maintain that only the singular verb is correct,
but plural verbs occur frequently even in edited writing.
It is also sometimes said that the pronoun
each must always be referred to by a singular pronoun,
but again actual usage does not regularly observe this stricture:
Each member of our garden club had their own special interests.
In the most formal speech and writing, singular verbs and pronouns occur more frequently than plural:
Each member … had his own special interests.
The use of plural forms, especially plural pronouns,
has been increasing in the United States,
partially because of the desire to avoid using he or his to refer to a female.
Anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one,
someone, and somebody follow the same general patterns of pronoun agreement as each. See also they.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary
Take care with the positioning
of each half of this paired construction.
Each must introduce grammatically similar things:
He is BOTH clever AND hardworking.
(not: He both is clever and hardworking!)
He BOTH paints AND sculpts.
He bought BOTH the gardening tools AND the DIY kit.
Notice, however, the ambiguity in the last example.
It could mean that there were just two gardening tools and he bought both of them.
In the case of possible confusion, always replace:
He bought the gardening tools and also the DIY kit.
He bought the two gardening tools and also the DIY kit.
He bought both of the gardening tools and also the DIY kit
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
both
Usage Note:
Both indicates that the action or state denoted by the verb applies individually to each of two entities.
Both books weigh more than five pounds, for example,
means that each book weighs more than five pounds by itself,
not that the two books weighed together come to more than five pounds.
Both is inappropriate where the verb does not apply
to each of the entities by itself.
· In possessive constructions,
of both is usually preferred in standard usage:
the mothers of both (rather than both their mothers);
the fault of both (rather than both their fault or both's fault).
· When both is used with and to link parallel elements in a sentence,
the words or phrases that follow them should correspond grammatically:
in both India and China or both in India and in China
(not both in India and China).
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
Each
usage:
When the adjective each follows a plural subject,
the verb agrees with the subject:
The houses each have central heating.
When the pronoun, a singular form, is followed by an of phrase
containing a plural noun or pronoun,
strict usage requires the singular verb:
Each of the candidates has spoken on the issue.
Yet plural verbs tend to occur frequently even in edited writing.
Usage guides also advise that
each must be referred to by a singular pronoun.
Again, actual usage does not always conform.
Singular pronouns do occur in the most formal speech and writing:
Each club member had his own project.
But the use of plural pronouns has been increasing in the U.S.,
partially to avoid a suggestion of sexism:
Each club member had their own project.
These same general patterns of pronoun agreement
are followed in the use of anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, and somebody.
See also they.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Each
Usage Note:
In standard usage, the subject of a sentence beginning with each
is grammatically singular, and so the verb and following pronouns
must be singular:
Each of the apartments has (not have) its (not their) own private entrance
(not entrances).
When each follows a plural subject, however,
the verb and subsequent pronouns remain plural:
The apartments each have their own private entrances
(not has its own private entrance).
When each follows the verb,
it has been traditionally considered acceptable to say either
The boys have each their own bike
or The boys have each his own bike,
though both of these (and especially the latter)
are likely to seem stilted in comparison to
The boys each have their own bike or The boys each have their own bikes.
The expression each and every is likewise
followed by a singular verb and singular pronoun:
Each and every driver knows (not know) what his or her (not their) job is to be.
This expression is sometimes criticized as redundant, and so it is,
but it emphasizes both the universality and individuality
of the collection being discussed, much like every single one.
See Usage Notes at every, they.
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary
both & each
There are times when it is important to use “each” instead of “both.”
Few people will be confused if you say
“I gave both of the boys a baseball glove,”
meaning “I gave both of the boys baseball gloves”
because it is unlikely that two boys would be expected to share one glove;
but you risk confusion if you say “I gave both of the boys $50.”
It is possible to construe this sentence as meaning
that the boys shared the same $50 gift.
“I gave each of the boys $50” is clearer.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
both
1. used for emphasis
When you link two phrases using and,
you can put both in front of the first phrase for emphasis.
For example,
if you want to emphasize that
what you are saying is true of two things or people,
you put both in front of the first of two noun phrases.
By that time both Robin and Drew were overseas.
Both she and the baby were completely safe.
They felt both anxiety and joy.
These changes will affect both teachers and students.
Similarly, you can put both in front of the first of
two adjectives, verb phrases, or adverbials.
Herbs are both beautiful and useful.
These headlines both worried and annoyed him.
She has won prizes both here and abroad.
The phrase after both should be of the same type as the phrase after and.
For example,
you say 'I told both Richard and George'.
Don't say 'I both told Richard and George'.
2. used with one noun phrase
You can put both immediately in front of a single noun phrase
when it refers to two people or things.
For example,
you can say 'Both boys were Hungarian'.
You can also say 'Both the boys were Hungarian'
or 'Both of the boys were Hungarian'.
There is no difference in meaning.
Be Careful!
Don't say 'Both of boys were Hungarian'
or 'The both boys were Hungarian'.
Also, don't use 'two' after both.
Don't say 'Both the two boys were Hungarian'.
You can use either both or both of in front of noun phrases
beginning with these, those, or a possessive determiner.
The answer to both these questions is 'yes'.
I've got both of their addresses.
In front of personal pronouns you must use both of, not 'both'.
Are both of you ready?
Don't use 'we' or 'they' after both of. Instead you use us or them.
Both of us went to Balliol College, Oxford.
Both of them arrived late.
3. used after the subject
Both can also be used after the subject of a sentence.
For example,
instead of saying 'Both my sisters came',
you can say 'My sisters both came'.
When there is no auxiliary verb, both goes in front of the verb,
unless the verb is be.
They both got into the boat.
If the verb is be, both goes after be.
They were both schoolteachers.
If there is an auxiliary verb, you put both after it.
They have both had a good sleep.
If there is more than one auxiliary verb,
you put both after the first one.
They will both be sent to prison.
Both can also come after a personal pronoun
that is the direct or indirect object of the verb.
Rishi is coming to see us both next week.
4. negative sentences
You don't usually use 'both' in negative sentences.
For example,
don't say 'Both his students were not there'.
You say 'Neither of his students was there'.
See neither
Similarly, don't say 'I didn't see both of them'.
You say 'I didn't see either of them'.
See either
5. used as a pronoun
Both can also be a pronoun.
A child should eat either meat or eggs daily, preferably both.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'both' to talk about more than two things or people.
Instead you use all.
See all
Collins COBUILD English Usage
each
1. 'each'
You use each in front of the singular form of a countable noun
to talk about every person or thing in a group.
You use each rather than 'every'
when you are thinking about the members of a group as individuals.
Each applicant has five choices.
They interviewed each candidate.
Each country is divided into several districts.
2. 'each of'
Instead of using 'each', you can sometimes use each of.
For example,
instead of saying 'Each soldier was given a new uniform',
you can say 'Each of the soldiers was given a new uniform'.
Each of is followed by a determiner and
the plural form of a countable noun.
Each of these phrases has a different meaning.
They inspected each of her appliances carefully.
You also use each of in front of plural pronouns.
They were all just sitting there, each of them thinking private thoughts.
Each of these would be a big advance in its own right.
When you use each of in front of a plural noun or pronoun,
you use a singular form of a verb after the noun or pronoun.
Each of these cases was carefully locked.
Each of us looks over the passenger lists.
Be Careful!
You never use each without of in front of a plural noun or pronoun.
Don't say, for example, 'Each cases was carefully locked'.
Be Careful!
Don't use words such as 'almost', 'nearly', or 'not' in front of each.
Don't say, for example, 'Almost each house in the street is for sale'.
You say 'Almost every house in the street is for sale'.
They show great skills in nearly every aspect of school life.
Not every lecturer wants to do research.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'each' or 'each of' in a negative clause.
Don't say, for example, 'Each boy did not enjoy football'
or 'Each of the boys did not enjoy football'.
You say 'None of the boys enjoyed football'.
None of them are actually African.
None of these suggestions is very helpful.
See none
3. referring back to 'each'
You usually use a singular pronoun
such as he, she, him, or her
to refer back to an expression containing each.
Each boy said what he thought had happened.
However, when you are referring back to an expression
such as each person or each student
which does not indicate a specific sex, you usually use a form of they.
Each resident has their own bathroom.
