2021-12-31 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – born & borne

2021-12-31 

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – born & borne 

แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น 

ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

 

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง born = ‘BAWN’

ออกเสียง borne = ‘BAWRN’

 

Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree 

Born = brought forth by birth: 

He was born in a log cabin.

Not to be confused with:

borne = past participle of the verb bear: 

She had always borne the burden of responsibility.

 

Dictionary.com

WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH BORN

Since the latter part of the 18th century, 

a distinction has been made between born and borne 

as past participles of the verb bear.

 

Borne is the past participle in all senses 

that do not refer to physical birth: 

The wheatfields have borne abundantly this year. 

Judges have always borne a burden of responsibility. 

 

Borne is also the participle when the sense is “to bring forth (young)” 

and the focus is on the mother rather than on the child. 

 

In such cases, borne is preceded by a form of have or followed by by:

Anna had borne a son the previous year. 

Two children borne by her earlier were already grown. 

 

When the focus is on the offspring 

or on something brought forth as if by birth, 

 

born is the standard spelling, and it occurs only in passive constructions: 

My friend was born in Ohio. 

No children have been born at the South Pole. 

 

A strange desire was born of the tragic experience. 

Born is also an adjective meaning 

“by birth,” “innate,” or “native”: 

born free; 

a born troublemaker; 

Mexican-born.

 

The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary

Born & borne

Use these exemplar sentences as a guide: 

Dickens was BORN in Portsmouth. 

She has BORNE five children. 

He has BORNE a heavy burden of guilt all his life

 

Collins COBUILD English Usage

Borne

Usage: 

Care should be taken not to use born where borne is intended: 

he had borne (not born) his ordeal with great courage; 

the following points should be borne in mind

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Usage Notes

On 'Born' and 'Borne'

One vowel can mean a big difference

What to Know

Both born and borne are forms of bear. 

Born is commonly used with the sense of bear 

meaning "to give birth." 

 

Borne is used in reference to carrying something 

(physically or figuratively), 

as a combining form with words like air, 

and, occasionally, in the "give birth to" sense.

 

When sorting out the difference between born and borne,

one confusing wrinkleis that both words originate from the same source: 

both are past tense forms of the verb bear. 

 

So how are they used differently?

Born is the common past-tense form of the verb 

meaning "to give birth." It is often used in the passive voice:

She was born in a log cabin in March of 1817.

A lot of good ideas are born outside the workplace.

a movement born during the Renaissance

a law born out of necessity

sea-born breezes

 

The participle can also be an adjective 

meaning "originating from birth":

My cousin is a born entertainer.

a Kansas-born writer

 

It is said by many that borne is used for 

all other senses of bear “apart from that referring to giving birth. 

 

This is for the most part true. 

Crucially, borne is used for those instances

that refer to carrying something, 

especially figuratively (like an idea or burden):

There are several reasons for the current uprising 

that must be borne in mind in order to figure out where to go from here.
— Ahmed Zewali, The New York Times, 2 Feb. 2011

 

The report also examined the salmon farming industry 

in Canada, Norway and Chile, the other biggest global producers. 

It found that of the costs associated with fish farming, 

about 60% were borne by the producers, 

especially in the form of fish mortality and the cost of treating sea lice, 

but about 40% of the costs were borne by wider society, 

for instance in pollution, loss of fish populations and the impacts on the climate crisis.
— Fiona Harvey, The Guardian, 11 Feb. 2021

 

Udall said one big reason for the drop was that 

many parents of the youngest children, 

seeing what was happening with the virus, 

simply decided to keep them home an extra year. 

That is borne out by figures from the Department of Education: 

Of the more than 55,700 decline in children in public schools last year, close to 30 percent was in preschool and kindergarten programs.
— Howard Fischer, East Valley Tribune, 13 Apr. 2021

 

Borne is also frequently seen as a combining form 

to describe something that is carried or transmitted 

(as by a vehicle or insect):

keep your seatbelt fastened when we are airborne

illnesses caused by water-borne bacteria

wind-borne pollen

mosquito-borne diseases

 

However, it is also true that the spelling borne 

sees occasional use in the passive voice in the "to give birth to" sense:

 

Is that weird for you, for a project borne of such personal trauma 

to emerge into a world that’s so hungry for these kinds of stories?
— Julia Felsenthal, Vogue, 17 May 2017

 

As well as the active past participle:

Remarkably, Jackson supposedly made the comment that 

Peggy was “as chaste as a virgin!”, quite an accomplishment for a woman who had borne three children and had been married twice.
— The Knoxville Focus, 11 Aug. 2013

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Jeff VanderMeer, Annihilation & Borne

 

Annihilation
Annihilation came to me as a title mysteriously

—I cannot tell you what my subconscious was up to. 

But then my conscious mind thought about it 

and realized the novel was about a giving up of the self to something new. 

And in a sense that is an “annihilation”

—a word we think of as a negative thing, 

but the more I thought about it could be a good thing. 

 

It speaks to the fact that science tells us 

the difference between self and not-self 

is more tenuous than we thought 

and the idea of the body being permeable 

means there’s less distinction between outside and inside, so to speak. 

 

An annihilation, then, could be a removal of an artificial barrier. 

And, of course, the title pertains to a specific moment in the novel 

but also to the annihilation of self imposed 

on the expedition before it enters Area X.

 

Borne
Borne features a giant psychotic bear, 

so borne being the past-tense of “bear” 

is a pun worthy of one of the other characters, named Borne, 

because as one character explains “I had to born him, but had to bear him.” 

 

What can be borne by what is born in a post-apocalyptic setting? 

What is burden? 

Why does a word that is about trials and tribulations 

in some ways contain the word for new life within it?

 

Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary

Born of

Write “my love of dance was born of my viewing 

old Ginger Rogers-Fred Astaire movies,” not “born out of.” 

 

The latter expression is probably substituted 

because of confusion with the expression “borne out” 

as in “my concerns about having another office party were borne out when Mr. Peabody spilled his beer into the fax machine.” 

 

The only correct (if antiquated) use of “born out of” 

is in the phrase “born out of wedlock.”