2021-12-31
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – borrow & lend
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง borrow = ‘BOR-oh’ or ‘BAWR-oh’
ออกเสียง lend = ‘LEND’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Lend = to grant the use of something that will be returned;
= to make a loan: I agreed to lend him the money.;
= to help: lend a hand
Not to be confused with:
loan = the act of lending: the loan of a book;
=money lent: The bank granted the loan.
[Some contend that lend is a verb and loan is a noun.
However, loan as a verb meaning to lend
has been used in English for nearly eight hundred years.
Loan is most common in financial contexts.]
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Loan vs. Lend: Usage Guide
The verb loan is one of the words English settlers brought to America
and continued to use after it had died out in Britain.
Its use was soon noticed by British visitors
and somewhat later by the New England literati,
who considered it a bit provincial.
It was flatly declared wrong in 1870 by a popular commentator,
who based his objection on etymology.
A later scholar showed that the commentator was ignorant of Old English and thus unsound in his objection, but by then it was too late,
as the condemnation had been picked up by many other commentators. Although a surprising number of critics still voice objections,
loan is entirely standard as a verb.
You should note that it is used only literally;
lend is the verb used for figurative expressions,
such as "lending a hand" or "lending enchantment."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Loan vs. Lend
'Loan' has been a verb in English for 700 years.
So why are people still complaining about it?
If your local bank approves you for a loan,
then are they loaning you money or lending you money?
Much ink has been spilled over whether you can use loan as a verb.
Some usage commentators claim that the correct verb is lend. Is it?
The verb 'loan' entered English in the early 1300s.
So why do some people insist that the only correct verb is 'lend'?
It is true that loan was originally a noun to
refer to a gift or a grant by someone in a better position than the recipient.
This loan came into English in the 1200s.
The verb loan, however, showed up not long after in the early 1300s.
So, are we really arguing about whether it's appropriate
to use a verb that's been in the language for 700 years?
We are. It begins with Richard Grant White,
a grammarian of the 19th century,
who in his book Words and Their Uses, Past and Present
declared that loan cannot be a verb at all, but must be a noun,
because of its etymology:
"The word is the past participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb lænan, to lend, and therefore of course means lent."
Alas, poor White:
loan is actually not the past participle of the Anglo-Saxon (aka Old English) verb lænan.
Loan, both verb and noun, came into English from Old Norse.
It turns out that the verb loan had fallen out of use in England
during the 18th and 19th centuries in favor of lend.
(Lend is the earlier word, dating back to about the 11th century,
and comes from the Old English verb lænan.)
But loan as a verb survived in American English,
which hadn't kept pace with the changes to the language
that were happening in British English.
British English speakers noticed the verb
and decried it as uncouth and provincial
—it had to be if it was in the mouths of Americans.
This dislike of the verb loan carried over into the late 1800s,
though by the time White wrote his book in 1870,
that dislike had become unhitched from British nationalism.
White just happened to couch the generalized dislike in something that looked like scholarship.
His prohibition on the verb loan spread far and wide,
even after his terrible etymologizing was debunked,
and persists to varying degrees today.
Bryan Garner, in his 2016 Garner's Modern English Usage, Fourth Edition, writes that loan as a verb to refer to money
"has long been considered permissible,"
but loan as a verb to refer to things is not as permissible.
This in spite of the fact that the written record
shows that loan has regularly been used to refer to things for almost 400 years now.
What's a writer to do?
Loan as a verb is perfectly standard
and has been for quite a while,
though it's worth noting that it can only be used literally,
as in "the bank loaned us the money."
If you are worried that someone will take you
to task for using loan as a verb,
then you can always use lend as a verb.
Figurative uses,
like lending a hand or lending her support to the project, require lend.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary
Borrow & lend
May I BORROW your pen? (= use your pen temporarily)
Please LEND me your pen. (= pass it to me and allow me to use it)
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary
Borrow & loan
In some dialects it is common
to substitute “borrow” for “loan” or “lend,”
as in “borrow me that hammer of yours, will you, Jeb?”
In standard English
the person providing an item can loan it;
but the person receiving it borrows it.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
borrow – lend
If you borrow something that belongs to someone else,
you use it for a period of time and then return it.
Could I borrow your car?
I borrowed this book from the library.
If you lend something you own to someone else,
you allow them to have it or use it for a period of time.
The past tense form and -ed participle of lend is lent.
I lent her £50.
Would you lend me your calculator?
Be Careful!
You don't normally talk about borrowing
or lending things that can't move.
Don't say, for example, 'Can I borrow your garage next week?'
You say 'Can I use your garage next week?'
You can use our washing machine.
Similarly,
you don't usually say 'He lent me his office while he was on holiday'.
You say 'He let me use his office while he was on holiday'.
She brought them mugs of coffee and let them use her bath.
