2021-12-31 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – boat -ship
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – boat - ship
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง boat = ‘BOHT’
ออกเสียง ship = ‘SHIP’
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
What's the difference between a 'boat' and a 'ship'?
And which one holds the gravy?
All dictionaries try to avoid the dread lexicographic condition
known as circular defining.
This is when one looks up a word such as dictionary,
sees that it is defined as “a lexicon,”
and, when looking up lexicon, finds that
it is defined as “a dictionary.”
Given that we spend a considerable amount of time
avoiding this sort of defining,
it may come to a surprise to some users
to discover that one of the definitions for boat is “ship,” and vice versa.
This is not actually a case of circular defining,
as these seeming examples of synonymy are
but one of a number of possible meanings for each word.
And we do not define the words in this manner
out of a desire to annoy people who love
to observe the distinction between these two kinds of vessels.
The reason we offer the definitions
of “ship” for boat and “boat” for ship
is that this is the manner
in which a large number of people use the words.
‘What is the difference between a ship and a boat?’
has a good number of answers,
but unfortunately, most of these are not couched in
the type of precise language a dictionary aims for.
Sample responses to this question include
‘You can put a boat onto a ship, but you can’t put a ship onto a boat,’
‘a boat is what you get into when the ship sinks,’
and ‘a boat is the thing you put gravy in.’
If you were to look for precision by asking
this question of ten nautically-inclined people in ten different areas
it is possible that you would get a wide range of answers,
for the exact moment at which a boat becomes a ship varies considerably.
We define ship in the following ways:
“a large seagoing vessel,”
“a sailing vessel having a bowsprit and usually
three masts each composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast,” and
“boat (especially one propelled by power or sail)”.
Boat has a slightly narrower semantic range,
including “a small vessel for travel on water,” and “ship.”
Usage writers appear to have been warning people
about these words since the late 19th century;
boat appears on James Gordon Bennett’s “Don’t List”
in the New York Herald, with instruction to avoid
“except, in describing a small craft propelled by oars.”
However,
the distinction between boat and ship
had been observed by others well before this.
Mr. Barnes then proceeded to state the distinction
between a boat and a ship,
and contended that all vessels above a certain tonnage,
and which were registered, came under the denomination of “ships,”
inasmuch as boats had no register.
— The Essex County Standard (Colchester, Eng.), 29 Oct. 1841
”What do you think, William, is the next gradation?”
”Why, father, is there any thing between a boat and a ship?”
”We are not come to a ship yet, William; we have only spoken of such sorts of vessels as are moved by paddles or oars.”
— Isaac Taylor, The Ship, or Sketches of the Vessels of Various Countries, 1834
Despite the fact that we’ve been receiving admonitions about boat and ship for over a century now,
many people cheerfully insist on using
boat for waterborne vessels of any size.
However, few, if any, use ship to refer to small crafts.
If you find that you are unable to remember
the which is the larger between ship and boat
it may help to sing the children’s song Row Your Boat
(“row, row, row your ship” sounds decidedly odd
— small oared crafts are almost always referred to as boats).
No matter how many aphorisms we come up with,
it seems unlikely that we are going to get much more specific
than 'ships are bigger than boats.'
Considering that our language has hundreds of words
for different kinds of things that float on the water
it is somewhat odd that we should focus exclusively
on the difference between only these two.
Should you find yourself beset by an angry sailor
who calls you out for using boat when you should have used ship
you may turn and ask
if they know the difference between
(the first ones are all ships and the second ones all boats).
The fact that English usage is messy,
and has contributed to a use of boat that is somewhat vague,
does not mean that there aren't settings where precision is called for.
For instance,
when you are sailing on someone else's vessel
it is polite to always employ the correct terminology.
And if you find yourself at a loss about when a boat becomes a ship
you should contact your local maritime authority.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
'Like Rats Fleeing a Sinking Ship': A History
An idiom that goes back centuries
The idiom like rats fleeing a sinking ship,
used in reference to
people abandoning an enterprise once it seems likely to fail,
has shown great linguistic tenacity,
having been in regular use for over four hundred years.
However, the wording and form of this standby has changed quite a bit over the centuries.
The original setting for the fleeing rats was a decrepit house,
one that was on the verge of falling down.
Both rats and mice, in the 16th century,
were said to have the ability to know when a structure was on the verge of collapse, and would accordingly decamp some time before this happened.
By the early 17th century
the behavior of the rats begins to see use as a simile.
Don't suffer your Selves to be buffetted from Post to Pillar,
by Pinning your Faith upon such that propose no more
than to find a way out for themselves,
like Rats that quit the House before it falls.
— Anon., A Dialogue Between Two Members of the New and Old East-India Companies, 1600
Some think, that the Rationall Spirits flye out of Animals,
(or that Animall we call Man) like a swarm of Bees,
when they like not their Hives, finding some inconvenience,
seek about for another Habitation:
Or leave the Body, like Rats,
when they finde the house rotten, and ready to fall.
— Margaret Cavendish Newcastle, Philosophical Fancies, 1653
Like rats fleeing a rotten house
may have had a certain ring to it,
but other competing forms came about as the 17th century progressed.
The first of these to appear was the image of the rodent fleeing a burning house.
She lookes to her riches, and finds that those bribes will not be taken:
to her friends, and perceives them to be in as much danger as herselfe:
to her old companions, carnall delights,
the common refuge of melancholy sinners;
and sees them running from her affrighted, like rattes from a house on fire.
— Thomas Adams, A Commentary, 1633
Yea, if but sicknesse come, these carnall delights will runne from you, affrighted like Rats from a house on fire.
— Richard Younge, The Drunkard’s Character, 1638
It is not until the latter portion of the 17th century
that the rats decide they’ve had enough of running from collapsing and burning houses, and the expression took on a new mode of egress: decamping from a foundering ship.
…have they made any renunciation since, of any of those doctrines which were thought so dangerous then? or are they quite gone from us, and to use Mr. Cressy's own comparison, like Rats have forsaken a sinking Ship?
— Edward Stillingfleet, An Answer to Mr. Cressy’s Epistle, 1675
What Subsidies have you had from….your Popish Party?
Alas, like Rats, they forsake a falling-House, or a sinking Ship.
— Titus Oates, Eikon Vasilike Trite, 1697
Rats continued to flee (or quit, abandon, and desert)
houses that were falling down or burning,
as well as doing the same with an increasing number of sinking ships throughout the 18th century.
At the start of the 19th century there was another change in the idiom,
as it dropped the like and began to be used as metaphor.
Rats deserting the sinking ship!
—We last week mentioned the dissatisfaction to the cause of federalism of the Hon. Mr. Chamberlain, at present member of the National Congress.
— New Hampshire Patriot (Concord, NH), 10 Jul. 1810
Rats deserting the sinking ship.
As soon as Mr. Jefferson perceived that the power of Bonaparte
was on the wane, he joined in the cry for the cause of the virtuous “Alexander the Deliverer.”
— Federal Republican (Georgetown, District of Columbia), 3 Jan. 1814
It is not known whether she was sent westward to advocate the separation of Maine, or was going to Washington to catch some of the rats about deserting the ship of state.
— Buffalo Gazette (Buffalo, NY), 15 Oct. 1816
Rats deserting the sinking Ships. It is a maxim among sailors that before the vessel is to be lost the Rats will desert her. There has been a wonderful desertion of Rats lately from the Federal Ship.
— Vermont Republican (Windsor, VT), 18 Mar. 1816
This metaphor seems to have started with rats deserting the sinking ship, and toward the middle of the 19th century added the variants of abandoning or fleeing the vessel.
While there is considerable variation of verb employed to describe what the rats are doing, there is less in terms of the situations that these idioms were applied to;
almost all of these early uses are in reference to political scandals.
Gibson L. Cranmer….is announced in the last Springfield Journal as a candidate for Presidential Elector to support the claims of Martin Van Buren. This the rats are abandoning the sinking ship in all quarters.
— Lancaster Gazette (Lancaster, OH), 29 Sept. 1848
Two of McKane’s indicted election heelers were surrendered by their bondsmen, and locked up in Raymond Street Jail….The rats are fleeing; the ship of fraud is sinking.
— The Evening Journal (Wilmington, DE), 21 Mar. 1894
Given that the continued existence of rats and failing enterprises
(political and otherwise) appears to be as likely as that of death and taxes,
there is a strong likelihood that this expression will continue to inhabit our language in decades and centuries to come.
However, when we see how much it has shifted over the past four hundred or so years it is less certain what the future forms will be.
Perhaps like rats disinvesting in a bear market?
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words We're Watching: A New Sense of 'Ship'
To pair people or fictional characters romantically,
or to create a romantic pairing between two people or fictional characters
Update: This meaning was added in January 2021.
Fans of any creative endeavor, from books to movies to TV series,
often want to immerse themselves
in the worlds that have been created,
and get to know the characters they love so much.
Sometimes they want those characters to have lives (and loves)
that extend beyond what the creators intended,
and so, they will ship characters.
Shipping is the act of creating a romantic pairing
between two people or characters
who are not otherwise romantically linked.
Shippers are the people who ship these characters;
the pairing itself is called a ship.
If you're feeling lost at sea,
it may help to know that all these terms
find their ultimate originin the word relationship.
Shipper and the noun ship show up first,
coming into use in 1996 on a Usenet fan forum
about The X-Files, a popular TV show.
Going through the Usenet archives for the forum
gives you a sense of the evolution of the term.
Early fans of a Scully-Mulder hook-up first called themselves Relationshippers,
then shortened that to r'shippers, then 'shippers.
They eventually dropped the apostrophe.
The noun ship followed a similar trajectory:
it's shortened from relationship.
The verb ship is a later creation
—a verbing of the noun ship that first appeared in the early 2000s (see note).
Here's a typical use of the verb from Mallory Ortberg:
"How does one even begin to write about Anne and Diana?
... Megan Followes herself ships them."
It also show up in the phrase "I ship it"
to mark a fictional romantic pairing,
as in this headline from The Mary Sue:
"Things We Saw Today: Harry Potter + Bellatrix Lestrange = Best Friends... I ship it."
Though the ship words only date to the 1990s,
the act of shipping predates the words by decades:
one of the most famous early ships was
between Kirk and Spock from the original Star Trek TV series of the 1960s.
Note: While this originally dated the verb ship to 2005,
some of our enterprising readers have sifted through the Usenet archives and found evidence of ship as a verb (as in "I ship Harry and Hermione") back to the early 2000s. Thanks, Internet! We've added them to our files.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Boat – ship
1. 'boat'
A boat is a small vessel for travelling on water,
especially one that carries only a few people.
John took me down the river in the old boat.
...a fishing boat.
2. 'ship'
A larger vessel is usually referred to as a ship.
The ship was due to sail the following morning.
However,
in conversation large passenger ships which travel short distances
are sometimes called boats.
She was getting off at Hamburg to take the boat to Stockholm.
Be Careful!
When you are describing the way in which someone travels,
you do not say that they travel 'by the boat' or 'by the ship'.
You say that they travel by boat or by ship.
We are going by boat.
They were sent home by ship.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
boat & ship
A boat is a small vessel, one propelled by oars, sails,
or an outboard motor:
“We rowed our boat to a nearby island.”
A ship is a large or seagoing craft, powered by engines or sails:
“The ship required five days to cross the Atlantic.”
This distinction break down, however,
in such terms as ferryboatand PT boat.
Strictly speaking,
one would go to Europe by ship, not by boat;
yet this usage is often ignored by even educated speakers and writers.
If in doubt, say vessel or even craft
and avoid any possible confusion.
It may also help to remember that an airplane
is sometimes referred to as a ship not a boat.
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