2021-01-26
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด S – so & so-called & very
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง So = ‘SOH’
ออกเสียง very = =’VER-ee’
ออกเสียง So-called = ‘SOH-KAWLD’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
so
= in the way or manner indicated; in order that:
Please RSVP so that we’ll know how many reservations to make.;
= to the extent or degree indicated:
I feel so good.
Not to be confused with:
sew = fasten by stitches made with needle and thread;
make clothes with cloth: She will sew a party dress for me.
sow = scatter seed on the earth; to plant:
sow a crop; circulate
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR SO
The intensive so meaning “veryor extremely”
(Everything's so expensive these days)
occurs chiefly in informal speech.
In writing and formal speech,
intensive so is most often followed by a completing that clause:
Everything is so expensive that some families must struggle just to survive.
The conjunction so (often followed by that)
introduces clauses both of purpose
(We ordered our tickets early so that we could get good seats)
and of result (The river had frozen during the night so people walked across it all the next day).
In formal speech and writing,
so that is somewhat more common than so
in clauses of purpose.
Otherwise, either so or so that is standard.
Like and, but, and or
so can occur as a transitional wordat the beginning of a sentence:
So all our hard work finally brought results.
Dictionary.com
GRAMMAR NOTES FOR VERY
Past participles that have become established
as adjectives can, like most English adjectives,
be modified by the adverb very:
a very driven person; We were very concerned for your safety.
Very does not modify past participles that are clearly verbal;
for example,
The lid was very sealed is not an idiomatic construction,
while The lid was very tightly sealed is.
Sometimes confusion arises over whether
a given past participle is adjectival
and thus able to be modified by very without an intervening adverb.
However, there is rarely any objection
to the use of this intervening adverb,
no matter how the past participle is functioning.
Such use often occurs in edited writing:
We were very much relieved to find the children asleep.
They were very greatly excited by the news. I feel very badly cheated.
Dictionary.com
How To Replace The Word “Very” In Your Writing
Four little letters: v-e-r-y.
While very is indeed a very useful word,
when overused, it can make writing sound very boring.
Plus, if we write this sentence another way,
it can sound completely different:
While very is indeed an invaluable word,
when overused, it can make writing sound uninterestingand mundane.
See the difference?
When to use very
Very has its purpose as an adverb
that modifies adjectives: it gives them intensity.
For writers who are just starting out,
like young students or those just learning English,
it’s a useful tool that eases them into modifiers.
However, more advanced writers can do away with it
and use more precise techniques.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Usage Note:
Many critics and grammarians have insisted
that so must be followed by that in formal writing
when used to introduce a clause
giving the reason for or purpose of an action:
He stayed so that he could see the second feature.
But since many respected writers
use so for so that in formal writing,
it seems best to consider the issue one of stylistic preference:
The store stays open late so
(or so that) people who work all day can buy groceries.
Both so and so that are acceptably used to introduce clauses
that state a result or consequence:
The Bay Bridge was still closed, so (or so that) the drive from San Francisco to the Berkeley campus took an hour and a half.
Critics have sometimes objected to
the use of so as an intensive meaning
"to a great degree or extent,"
as in We were so relieved to learn that the deadline had been extended.
This usage is most common in informal contexts,
perhaps because, unlike the neutral very,
it presumes that the listener or reader
will be sympathetic to the speaker's evaluation of the situation.
Thus, one would be more apt to say
It was so unfair of them not to invite you
than to say It was so fortunate that I didn't have to put up with your company.
For just this reason,
the construction may occasionally be used to good effect
in more formal contexts to invite the reader
to take the point of view of the speaker or subject:
The request seemed to her to be quite reasonable; it was so unfair of the manager to refuse.
New England speakers often use a negative form
such as so didn't where others would use the positive so did,
as in Sophie ate all her strawberries and so didn't Amelia.
Since this usage may confuse a speaker who has not previously encountered it, it is best avoided in writing.
Collins English Dictionary
so
Usage:
In formal English, so is not used as a conjunction,
to indicate either purpose
(he left by a back door so he could avoid photographers)
or result (the project was abandoned so his services were no longer needed).
In the former case to or in order to should be used instead,
and in the latter case and so or and therefore would be more acceptable.
The expression so therefore should not be used
USAGE FOR VERY
In strict usage adverbs of degree
such as very, too, quite, really, and extremely
are used only to qualify adjectives:
he is very happy; she is too sad.
By this rule,
these words should not be used to qualify past participles
that follow the verb to be,
since they would then be technically qualifying verbs.
With the exception of certain participles,
such as tired or disappointed,
that have come to be regarded as adjectives,
all other past participles are qualified by adverbs
such as much, greatly, seriously, or excessively:
he has been much (not very) inconvenienced; she has been excessively (not too) criticized
Collins COBUILD English Usage
So is used in several different ways.
1. referring back
You can use so after do to refer back to an action
that has just been mentioned.
For example,
instead of saying 'He crossed the street. As he crossed the street, he whistled',
you say 'He crossed the street. As he did so, he whistled'.
He went to close the door, falling over as he did so.
A signal which should have turned red failed to do so.
You can use so after if to form a conditional clause.
For example,
instead of saying 'Are you hungry? If you are hungry, we can eat',
you say 'Are you hungry? If so, we can eat'.
Do you enjoy romantic films? If so, you will love this movie.
Have you finished? If so, put your pen down.
You often use so after a reporting verb
such as think or expect,
especially when you are replying to what someone has said.
For example, if someone says 'Is Alice at home?',
you can say 'I think so', meaning 'I think Alice is at home'.
'Are you all right?' – 'I think so.'
'Will he be angry?' – 'I don't expect so.'
'Is it for sale?' – 'I believe so.'
The reporting verbs most commonly used with so are believe, expect, hope, say, suppose, tell, and think.
See believe, expect, hope, say, suppose, tell, think
So is also used in a similar way after I'm afraid.
'Do you think you could lose?' – 'I'm afraid so.'
You can also use so to say that
something that has just been said about one person or thing
is true about another.
You put so at the beginning of a clause, followed by be, have,
an auxiliary verb, or a modal, and then the subject of the clause.
His shoes are brightly polished; so is his briefcase.
Yasmin laughed, and so did I.
'You look upset.' – 'So would you if you'd done as badly as I have.'
2. used for emphasis
You can use so to emphasize an adjective.
For example, you can say 'It's so cold today'.
I've been so busy.
These games are so boring.
However, if the adjective is in front of a noun, use such, not 'so'.
Say, for example, 'It's such a cold day today'.
She was so nice.
She was such a nice girl.
The children seemed so happy.
She seemed such a happy woman.
See such
If the adjective comes after the, this, that, these, those, or a possessive, don't use 'so' or 'such'.
Don't say, for example 'It was our first visit to this so old town'.
You say 'It was our first visit to this very old town'.
He had recovered from his very serious illness.
I hope that these very unfortunate people will not be forgotten.
You can also use so to emphasize an adverb.
I sleep so well.
Time seems to have passed so quickly.
3. 'so...that' used to mention a result
You use so in front of an adjective to
say that something happens because someone or something
has a quality to an unusually large extent.
After the adjective, use a that-clause.
The crowd was so large that it overflowed the auditorium.
We were so angry we asked to see the manager.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'so' in the second clause.
Don't say, for example,
'We were so angry so we asked to see the manager'.
You can use so in a similar way in front of an adverb.
He dressed so quickly that he put his boots on the wrong feet.
She had fallen down so often that she was covered in mud.
Instead of using so in front of an adjective,
you can use such in front of a noun phrase containing the adjective.
For example,
instead of saying 'The car was so old that we decided to sell it',
you can say 'It was such an old car that we decided to sell it'.
The change was so gradual that nobody noticed it.
This can be such a gradual process that you are not aware of it.
You can use so, and so, or so that to
introduce the result of a situation that you have just mentioned.
He speaks very little English, so I talked to him through an interpreter.
There was no answer and so I asked again.
My suitcase had been damaged, so that the lid would not close.
4. 'so that' in purpose clauses
You also use so that to say that something
is done for a particular purpose.
He has to earn money so that he can pay his rent.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
So, very, and too can all be used to intensify
the meaning of an adjective, an adverb, or a wordlike much or many.
1. 'very'
Very is a simple intensifier, without any other meaning.
The room was very small.
We finished very quickly.
See very
2. 'so'
So can suggest an emotion in the speaker,
such as pleasure, surprise, or disappointment.
Juan makes me so angry!
Oh, thank you so much!
So can also refer forward to a result clause introduced by that.
The traffic was moving so slowly that he arrived three hours late.
3. 'too'
Too suggests an excessiveor undesirable amount.
The soup is too salty.
She wears too much make-up.
Too can be used with a to-infinitiveor with for to
say that a particular result does not or cannot happen.
He was too late to save her.
The water was too cold for swimming.
See too
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
very
usage:
The intensive so meaning “veryor extremely”
(Everything's so expensive these days)
occurs chiefly in informal speech
and is occasionally criticized in other contexts.
In writing and formal speech,
intensive so is most often followed by a completing that clause:
Everything is so expensive that some families can barely afford necessities.
See also as1, and, but1.
BRITISH DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS FOR SO
USAGE FOR SO
In formal English,
so is not used as a conjunction, to indicate either purpose
(he left by a back door so he could avoid photographers)
or result (the project was abandoned so his services were no longer needed).
In the former case to or in order to should be used instead,
and in the latter case and so or and therefore
would be more acceptable.
The expression so therefore should not be used
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Can so be used as an intensive?: Usage Guide
Adverb
The intensive use of so (sense 2b) is widely condemned in college handbooks but is nonetheless standard.
why is American television so shallow? — Anthony Lewis
the cephalopod eye is an example of a remarkable evolutionary parallel because it is so like the eye of a vertebrate — Sarah F. Robbins
the kind of sterile over-ingenuity which afflicts so many academic efforts — The Times Literary
Supplement (London) There is no stigma attached to its use in negative contexts and when qualified by a dependent clause. not so long ago was so good in mathematics that he began to consider engineering — Current Biography
The denotation in these uses is, of course, slightly different (see sense 2a). Another emphatic use of so (sense 2e) has developed more recently and occurs mostly in informal contexts.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
So & very
Originally people said things like,
“I was so delighted with the wrapping that I couldn’t bring myself to open the package.”
But then they began to lazily say “You made me so happy,” no longer explaining just how happy that was.
This pattern of using “so” as a simple intensifier
meaning “very” is now standard in casual speech,
but is out of place in formal writing,
where “very” or another intensifier works better.
Without vocal emphasis, the “so” conveys little in print.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
So & so-called
So is primarily an adverb meaning “thus” or “in the manner indicated”;
“He is ill and has long been so.”
This overworked word can also be an adjective
(What you say is not so),
a pronoun (Be quiet and stay so),
a conjunction (Drive slowly so you will not have an accident),
and an interjection (So: I’ve caught you in the act).
Two major objections to the use of so are
(1) its overuse in statement where therefore, thus, and consequently would serve better and
(2) its overuse as an intensive instead of indeedor extremely: “We couldn’t go that day, so we sold out tickets”
