2020-11-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – Participles
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Participles = ‘PAHR-tuh-sip-uhl’
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY,
NOTES FOR PARTICIPLE
A “dangling” participle is one that
is not clearly connected to the word it modifies:
“Standing at the corner, two children walked past me.”
A better version of this example would be,
“While I was standing at the corner, two children walked past me.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Participle
Almost all verbs have two important forms called participles.
Participles are forms that are
used to create several verb tenses
(tenses show when an action happened);
they can also be used as adjectives.
The present participle always ends in -ing;
it's the form that looks just like a gerund: yodeling, remembering, going. The past participle usually ends in -ed (yodeled, remembered),
but there are plenty of exceptions to that rule,
such as forgotten and gone.
(The past participle is usually the same at the plain old past tense (yodeled, remembered), but not always: forgot, went.)
As we said above,
a participle can also be used as an adjective
(that is, to describe a noun or pronoun).
A present participle (an -ing word)
describes the person or thing that causes something; for example, an invigorating yodel is one that invigorates.
A past participle (usually an -ed word)
describes the person or thing who has been affected by something;
for example, an invigorated person is one who has been affected by invigoration. Or good yodeling.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Grammar and Participle
English verbs can take several basic forms,
which we call their principal parts: the infinitive (move, speak, etc.),
the past tense (moved, spoke),
the past participle (moved, spoken), and the present participle (moving, speaking).
The participles are words that "take part"in two different word classes: that is, they are verb forms that can also act like adjectives
("the spoken word," "a moving experience").
A grammatical error called a dangling participle occurs
when a clause begins with a participle that doesn't modify the subject;
in the sentence "Climbing the mountain, the cabin came in view,"
for example,
climbing is a dangling participle since it doesn't modify cabin.
When we revise the sentence to
"Climbing the mountain, the hikers spied a cabin,"
the participle climbing modifiesthe subject hikers
and is therefore no longer dangling.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
participate.]
Usage Note:
Participial phrases
such as walking down the street or having finished her homework
are commonly used in English to modify nouns or pronouns,
but care must be taken in incorporating such phrases into sentences.
Readers will ordinarily associate a participle with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun adjacent to it,
and misplacement may produce comic effects
as in He watched his horse take a turn around the track carrying a racing sheet under his arm.
A correctly placed participial phrase leaves nodoubt about what is being modified:
Sitting at her desk, Jane read the letter carefully.
Another pitfall in using participial phrases
is illustrated in the following sentence:
Turning the corner, the view was quite different.
Grammarians would say that such a sentence contains
a "dangling participle"
because there is no noun or pronoun in the sentence
that the participial phrase can logically modify.
Moving the phrase will not solve the problem
(as it would in the sentence about the horse with a racing sheet).
To avoid distracting the reader,
it would be better to recast the sentence as
When we turned the corner, the view was quite different or
Turning the corner, we had a different view.
A number of expressions
originally derived from participles have becomeprepositions,
and these may be used to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase.
Such expressions include concerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of.
Thus, one may write without fear of criticism
Speaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or
Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all.
