2020-11-10
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - Mutual
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Mutual = ‘MYOO-choo-uhl’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR MUTUAL
Mutual, reciprocal agree in the idea of an exchange or balance between two or more persons or groups.
Mutual indicates an exchange of a feeling, obligation, etc.,
between two or more people,
or an interchange of some kind between persons or things:
mutual esteem; in mutual agreement.
Reciprocal indicates a relation in which one act, thing, feeling, etc., balances or is given in return for another:
reciprocal promises or favors.
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF MUTUAL
The earliest (15th century) and still a currentmeaning of mutual is “reciprocal,”
specifying the relation of two or more persons or things to each other:
Their admiration is mutual.
Teachers and students sometimes suffer from a mutual misunderstanding.
Mutual soon developed the sense of “having in common, shared”:
Their mutual objective is peace.
This latter sense has been in use since the 16th century and is entirely standard.
It is occasionally criticized, not on the grounds of ambiguity but on the grounds that the later sense development is somehow wrong.
Mutual in the sense of “shared” may have
been encouraged by the title of Charles Dickens's novel
Our Mutual Friend (1864–65), but Dickens was not the innovator.
The fact that common also has the sense “ordinary, unexceptional” and “coarse, vulgar” may have contributed to the use of mutual instead of common in designating a shared friend.
Collins English Dictionary
mutuality, ˈmutualness n
ˈmutually adv
Usage:
The use of mutual to mean common to or shared by two or more parties
was formerly considered incorrect, but is now acceptable.
Tautologous use of mutual should be avoided:
cooperation (not mutual cooperation) between the two countries
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
mu`tu•al′i•ty (-ˈæl ɪ ti) n.
mu′tu•al•ly, adv.
usage:
The earliest (15th century) meaning of mutual is “reciprocal”:
Teachers and students sometimes suffer from mutual misunderstanding.
By the 16th century mutual had developed the additional sense “held in common, shared”:Their mutual objective is peace.
This use is occasionally criticized, on the grounds that the later sense development was somehow wrong.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Mutual
For a discussion of the use of mutual, seeCOMMON, MUTUAL
An additional suggestion:
avoid using mutual with words that implyworking or being together.
“Mutual cooperation” is a wordy phrase
from which mutual should be deleted,
How often is mutual needed with words
such as collaboration, concert, collusion, complicity, partnership, fraternity, fellowship, federation,, tie-up, teamwork, unison, comradeship, combination, and concurrence?
