2020-11-10
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - must & much
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง must = ‘MUHST’
ออกเสียง much = ‘MUHCH’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR MUST
Must, ought, should express necessity or duty.
Must expresses necessity or compulsion:
I must attend to those patients first. Soldiers must obey orders.
Ought (weaker than must ) expressesobligation, duty, desirability:
You ought to tell your mother.
Should expresses obligation, expectation, or probability:
You are not behaving as you should.
Children should be taught to speak the truth.
They should arrive at one o'clock.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Must is usually used to say that something isnecessary.
It can also be used to say that you believe that somethingis true.
Must is called a 'modal'.
1. 'must', 'have to', 'have got to', and 'need to'
The expressions have to, have got to, and need to
can sometimes be used with the same meaning as must.
The negative form of must is must not or mustn't.
The negative forms of have to and have got to are don't have to and haven't got to.
The negative form of need to is need not, needn't or don't need to. However, these negative forms do not all have the same meaning.
This is explained below under negative necessity.
2. necessity in the present
Must, have to, have got to, and need to are all used
to say that it is necessary that something is done.
I must go now.
You have to find a solution.
We've got to get up early tomorrow.
A few things need to be done before we can leave.
After must you use an infinitive without to. Don't use a to-infinitive.
Don't say, for example, 'I must to go now.'
If someone is required to do something regularly,
for example as a job or duty, say that they have to do it.
Don't use 'must'.
She has to do all the cooking and cleaning.
We always have to write to our grandparents to thank them for our birthday gifts.
If someone is required to do something on a particular occasion,
say that they have got to do it or,
in formal English and American English, that they have to do it.
I've got to go and see the headmaster.
We have to take all these boxes upstairs.
In formal English,
must is used to say that someone
is required to do something by a rule or law.
You must submit your application by the end of this month.
3. necessity in the past
If you want to say that something was necessary in the past,
you use had to. Don't use 'must'.
She couldn't stay because she had to go to work.
We had to sit in silence.
4. necessity in the future
If you want to say that something will be necessary inthe future,
you use will have to.
He'll have to go to hospital.
We will have to finish this tomorrow.
5. negative necessity
You use must not or mustn't to say that it is important
that something is not done.
You must not be late.
We mustn't forget the tickets.
If you want to say that it is not necessary that something is done,
you use don't have to, haven't got to, needn't, or don't need to.
You don't have to eat everything on your plate.
I haven't got to work tomorrow, so I can sleep late.
You don't need to explain.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'must not', 'mustn't', or 'have not to'
to say that it is not necessary that something is done.
Don't say, for example
'You mustn't explain' when you mean that it is notnecessary to explain.
To say that it was not necessary for something to be done on a particular occasion in the past,
use didn't have to or didn't need to.
Fortunately, she didn't have to choose.
I didn't need to say anything at all.
See need
6. strong belief
You use must to say that you strongly believe that something is true, because of particular facts or circumstances.
There must be some mistake.
Oh, you must be Gloria's husband.
Have to and have got to can also be used in this way,
but not when the subject is you.
There has to be way out.
Money has got to be the reason.
You can use must with be and an -ing form to say that
you believe something is happening.
He isn't in his office. He must be working at home.
You must be getting tired.
Be Careful!
Don't use must with an infinitive to say that you believe something is happening.
Don't say, for example, 'He isn't in his office. He must work at home'.
To say that you believe something is not true, use cannot or can't.
Don't use 'must' or 'have to' with not.
The two statements cannot both be correct.
You can't have forgotten me.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Much
1. 'very much'
You use very much to say that something is true to a great extent.
I enjoyed it very much.
When very much is used with a transitive verb,
it usually goes after the object.
Don't use it immediately after the verb.
Don't say, for example, 'I enjoyed very much the party'.
Say 'I enjoyed the party very much'.
Be Careful!
In positive sentences, don't use much without very.
Don't say, for example, 'I enjoyed it much' or 'We much agree'
Say 'I enjoyed it very much' or 'We very much agree'.
In negative sentences, you can use much without'very'.
I didn't like him much.
The situation is not likely to change much.
2. 'much' meaning 'often'
You can also use much in negative sentences and questions to mean 'often'.
She doesn't talk about them much.
Does he come here much?
Be Careful!
Don't use 'much' in positive sentences to mean 'often'.
Don't say, for example, 'He comes here much'.
Many other words and expressions can be used to indicate degree.
3. used with comparatives
You often use much or very much
in front of comparative adjectives and adverbs.
For example,
if you want to emphasize the difference in size between two things,
you can say that one thing is much bigger or very much bigger than the other.
She was much older than me.
Now I can work much more quickly.
Much more and very much more can be
used in front of a noun
to emphasize the difference between two quantities or amounts.
She needs much more time to finish the job.
We had much more fun than we expected.
4. 'much too'
You use much too in front of an adjective
to say that something cannot be done or achieved
because someone or something has too much of a quality.
The bedrooms were much too cold.
The price is much too high for me.
Be Careful!
In sentences like these you put much in front of too, not after it.
Don't say, for example, 'The bedrooms were too much cold'.
5. used as a determiner
You use much in front of an uncountable noun
to talk about a large quantity or amount of something.
Much is usually used like this
in negative sentences, in questions, or after too, so, or as.
I don't think there is much risk involved.
Is this going to make much difference?
The President has too much power.
My only ambition is to make as much money as possible.
In positive sentences,
a lot of is usually used instead of 'much',
especially in conversation and less formal writing.
There is a lot of risk involved in what he's doing.
See lot
In more formal writing, much is sometimes used,
especially before abstract nouns such as discussion, debate, or attention.
Much emphasis has been placed on equality of opportunity in education.
6. 'much of'
In front of it, this, or that, use much of, not 'much'.
We saw a film but I don't remember much of it.
Much of this is already possible.
You also use much of in front of a noun phrase
which begins with a determiner,
such as the or a, or a possessive, such as my or his.
Much of the food was vegetarian.
Carla spends much of her time helping other people.
In positive sentences,
a lot of is usually used instead of 'much of',
especially in conversation and less formal writing.
She spends a lot of her free time reading.
See lot
7. used as a pronoun
You can use much as a pronoun
to refer to a large quantity or amount of something.
There wasn't much to do.
Much has been learned about how the brain works.
Be Careful!
You don't usually use 'much' as an object pronoun
in positive sentences. Instead you use a lot.
For example,
don't say 'He knows much about butterflies'.
Say 'He knows a lot about butterflies'.
She talks a lot about music.
I've learned a lot from him.
See lot
8. 'how much'
You use how much when you are asking the price of something.
I like that dress – how much is it?
See how much
Be Careful!
Don't use 'much' or 'much of' with plural countable nouns,
to talk about a large number of people or things.
Use many or many of.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
much
Say “We consistently vote very differently,” not“much differently.”
But you can say “My opinion doesn’t muchdiffer from yours.”
Drop the nonstandard “-ly” ending from “much,”
or substitute the word “very” when appropriate.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Must is used
In the sense of “something not to be missed” or a “requirement,”
must is tiresomely overused:
“Paris is a must on any European trip.”
“A college degree is a must for this position.”
Musta is a clipped, unrecommended pronunciation of must have.
Another nonstandard substitute for must have ismust of.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Muchly
This adverb has gradually gone out of use.
Its departure from language is no loss
since much does all it ever did and with one less syllable:
“What you have done please me much.”
“I was much gratified by your reply.”
