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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Induction = ‘in-DUHK-shuhn’
ออกเสียง deduction = ‘dih-DUHK-shuhn’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Induction & deduction
The common methods of thinking are deduction andInduction.
The former method tries to establish a specific and limited conclusion
by showing that it is allied with, or conforms to,
a general truth or principle.
Indeduction,
thought moves from the general to the particular:
“From the general principle (fact) that most Scandinavian, probably has blue eyes.”
Inductionseeks to establish a general truth, a principle.
In Induction, one observes a number of facts,
classifies them, and arrives at a conclusion, or principle:
“From observation of hundreds of Scandinavians, most of whom have blue eyes.”
Through Induction,
these principles (laws) are applied in specific situations,
such as the development of a vaccine
or the manufacture of a synthetic fiber.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Deduction' vs. 'Induction' vs. 'Abduction'
Learn the differences between these three types of reasoning
What to Know
Deductive reasoning, or deduction,
is making an inference based on
widely accepted facts or premises.
If a beverage is defined as "drinkable through a straw,"
one could use deduction to determine soup to be a beverage.
Inductive reasoning, or induction,
is making an inference based on
an observation, often ofa sample.
You can induce that the soup is tasty if you observe all of your friends consuming it.
Abductive reasoning, or abduction,
is making a probable conclusion from what you know.
If you see an abandoned bowl of hot soup on the table, you can use abduction to conclude the owner of the soup is likely returning soon.
Do you have to figure out
what time you need to leave your house for an appointment?
Or are you trying to decide the best choice for lunch?
Or are you baffled about why a half-eaten sandwich is on the counter?
These situations call for some method of reasoning,
and there are three that we use daily:
deduction, induction, and abduction.
In abductive reasoning,
the major premise is evident, but the minor premise
and therefore the conclusion are only probable.
For example,
if you find a half-eaten sandwich in your home,
you might use probability to reason that
your teenage son made the sandwich,
realized he was late for work,
and abandoned it before he could finish it.
Deductive Reasoning
Deduction is generally definedas
"the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning."
Its specific meaning in logic is "inference
in which the conclusion about particulars
follows necessarily from general or universal premises."
Simply put,
deduction—or the process of deducing
—is the formation of a conclusion
based on generally accepted statementsor facts.
It occurs when you are planning out trips, for instance.
Say you have a 10 o'clock appointment with the dentist
and you know that it takes 30 minutes to drive
from your house to the dentist's.
From those two facts,
you deduce that you will have to leave your house at 9:30,
at the latest, to be at the dentist's on time.
Deductive reasoning always follows
necessarily from general or universal premises.
If a sandwich is defined as
"two or more slices of bread or a split roll
having a filling in between,"
and a hot dog is defined as
"a frankfurter; especially :
a frankfurter heated and served in a long split roll"
then one must deduce that
any hot dog served in a split roll is a sandwich.
Inductive Reasoning
Whereas in deduction
the truth of the conclusion
is guaranteed by the truth of the statements
or facts considered
(the hot dog is served in a split roll and
a split roll with a filling in the middle is a sandwich),
induction is a method of reasoning
involving an element of probability.
In logic,
induction refers specifically to
"inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances."
In other words,
it means forming a generalization
based on what is known or observed.
For example,
at lunch you observe 4 of your 6 coworkers
ordering the same sandwich.
From your observation,
you then induce that the sandwich is probably good
—and you decide to try it yourself.
Induction is at play here
since your reasoning is based on
an observation of a small group,
as opposed to universal premises.
Abductive Reasoning
The third method of reasoning,
abduction, is defined as "a syllogism
in which the major premise is evident
but the minor premise and
therefore the conclusion only probable."
Basically, it involves forminga conclusion
from the information that is known.
A familiar example of abduction
is a detective's identification of a criminal
by piecing together evidence at a crime scene.
In an everyday scenario,
you may be puzzled by a half-eaten sandwich
on the kitchen counter.
Abduction will lead you to the best explanation.
Your reasoning might be that
your teenage son made the sandwich
and then saw that he was late for work.
In a rush, he put the sandwich on the counter and left.
If you have trouble differentiating
deduction, induction, and abduction,
thinking about their rootsmight help.
All three words are based on Latin ducere,
meaning "to lead."
The prefix de- means "from," and
deduction derives from generally accepted statements or facts.
The prefix in- means "to" or "toward,"
and induction leads you to a generalization.
The prefix ab- means "away,"
and you take away the best explanation in abduction.
