2022-04-23 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – gentleman & lady & woman
2022-04-23
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – gentleman & lady & woman
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Ref.: http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/598396
and 683283@20151213/20201003
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “Gentleman” = ‘JEN-tl-muhn’
ออกเสียง “Lady” = ‘LEY-dee’
ออกเสียง Woman = ‘WOOM-uhn’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
gentleman & lady & woman
In medieval times,
a gentleman was a man above the rank of yeoman
(the owner of a small farm),
but the term is now applied to a person of good manners
and breeding or as a mark of respect to any man:
“A gentleman should never give offense to others.”
”Will everyday gentleman please come this way?”
Gentleman is now rarely used in everyday speech,
but gentlemen is customary in such expressions as
“What will the gentleman have to drink?” and
“Ladies and gentlemen.”
Lady, a term originally applied to a loaf-kneader,
has been used as a polite form of address.
Lady normally has no more justification than does gentleman
in place of man.
True, you would say to a waiter in a restaurant
“The lady will have” rather than “The woman will have,”
but the social distinction between lady and woman
has all but disappeared.
Woman is a general term for the adult female human
being as distinguished from the male:
“This woman just gave birth to twins.”
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR LADY
In the meanings
“refined, polite woman” and
“woman of high social position”
the noun lady is the parallel of gentleman.
As forms of address,
both nouns are used in the plural
(Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your cooperation ),
but only lady occurs in the singular.
Except in chivalrous, literary, or similar contexts (Lady, spurn me not ),
this singular is now usually perceived as rude
or at least insensitive:
Where do you want the new air conditioner, lady?
Although lady is still found in phrases or compounds
referring to occupation or the like (cleaning lady; saleslady ),
this use seems to be diminishing.
The use of lady as a modifier (lady doctor; lady artist )
suggests that it is unusual to find a woman in the role specified.
Many women are offended by this use,
and it too is becoming less common.
An approach that is increasingly followed
is to avoid specifying the sex of the performer or practitioner.
Person or a sex-neutral term can be substituted for lady,
as cleaner for cleaning lady
and sales associate or salesclerk for saleslady.
When circumstances make it relevant to specify sex,
woman rather than lady is used,
the parallel term being man:
Men doctors outnumber women doctors on the hospital staff
by more than three to one.
Dictionary.com:
ORIGIN OF LADY
First recorded before 900; Middle English ladi(e),
earlier lavedi, Old English hlǣfdīge, hlǣfdige,
perhaps originally meaning “loaf-kneader,”
equivalent to hlāf “bread, loaf” (see loaf1) + -dīge, -dige,
variant of dǣge “kneader”
(see dough; compare Old Norse deigja “maid”); see lord
Dictionary.com:
ORIGIN OF WOMAN
First recorded before 900; Middle English womman, wimman,
Old English wīfman(n), wīfmon(n),
equivalent to wīf “female, wife, woman” + man(n) “human being, man”;
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR WOMAN
Woman, Female, Lady
are nouns referring to an adult female human being,
one paradigm of gender and biological sex
for adult human beings.
Woman is the general term.
It is neutral, lacking either favorable or unfavorable implication,
and is the most commonly used of the three:
a wealthy woman;
a woman of strong character, of unbridled appetites.
In scientific, statistical, and other objective use,
female is the neutral contrastive term to male
and may apply to plants and animals also:
104 females to every 100 males;
Among lions, the female is the chief hunter.
Female is sometimes used in disparaging contexts:
a gossipy female;
a conniving female.
Lady meaning “refined, polite woman”
is a term of approval or praise:
a real lady in all things;
to behave like a lady.
When used as a form of address,
lady may be polite or neutral in tone:
Ladies, did you hear about the new brunch menu
with bottomless mimosas?
However, in the singular
it is often perceived as rude:
Hey, lady, I don’t have all day.
Dictionary.com:
USAGE NOTE FOR WOMAN
Although formerly
woman was sometimes regarded
as demeaning and
lady was the term of courtesy,
woman is the designation preferred by most modern female adults:
League of Women Voters;
American Association of University Women.
Woman is the standard feminine parallel to man.
As a modifier of a plural noun,
woman, like man,
is exceptional in that the plural form women is used:
women athletes;
women students.
The use of lady as a term of courtesy
has diminished somewhat in recent years
(the lady of the house ),
although it still survives in a few set phrases
(ladies' room; Ladies' Day ).
Lady is also used, but decreasingly,
as a term of reference for women
engaged in occupations
considered by some to be menial or routine:
cleaning lady;
saleslady.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Using 'Lady,' 'Woman,' and 'Female' to Modify Nouns
'Female' doctor? 'Lady' lawyer? 'Woman' politician?
Are any of these not offensive?
Here at Merriam-Webster, we have a number of women editors.
Or is it female editors? Certainly not lady editors, right?
Gendered modifiers like female, woman, and lady
are a thorny issue in English usage.
All three words began life as nouns,
with woman and lady showing up very early in the language,
and female showing up in the 1300s.
Lady was used initially
as a form of address for a woman
who had run of a household or who had charge over servants,
and late came to refer to
a woman who held a high rank.
Woman has retained its original meaning,
which is now almost 1400 years old:
“an adult female human being.”
Female first referred to a woman or girl,
but within about a hundred years of its appearance,
it was also being used of animals
(“Byrdes that ben femalles may not abyde there,”
—The Myrrour of the Worlde, 1481).
Unlike lady and woman, however,
female is also a full-fledged adjective,
and the adjectival use has historically
been more clinical and biological than not
(as in, “the female plant” or Alexander Pope’s “goats of female kind”).
There was remarkably little fussing over any of these words.
Until the end of the 1800s, that is.
The arguments began with the bare nouns:
was it appropriate to call a group of women females?
Are all women ladies?
Can you call a group of female human beings
of various ages females
or should you go with ladies or women?
Though advice varied,
it was generally agreed by the beginning of the 20th century
that female was a disparaging term
as it made no differentiation between humans and animals
(this in spite of the fact that female was, in previous centuries,
actually preferred to woman and lady);
lady was a fine and polite word
to describe a woman of excellent social refinement or breeding
(in spite of the fact that it was, at that point in time,
often used in informal print and speech
to refer specifically to women
who happened to have jobs that would benefit from being tagged
as above their station, as with cleaning lady and saleslady);
and woman was the preferred term to refer to an adult woman
(which had always been the case).
All three nouns had been used attributively
(that is, before a noun in order to modify it)
before—woman,
in fact, had been used attributively back to the 14th century.
Newspapers from the 1800s are
surprisingly populated with
lady doctors, female lawyers, and women scientists.
And these uses went largely unremarked upon until the 20th century.
The first scholar to critically examine
the attributive uses of female, woman, and lady was Henry Fowler,
author of the 1926 Dictionary of Modern English Usage,
and while his conclusions are commonsensical,
his manner of expressing himself grates.
In a section called “Feminine designations,”
he claims that women who argue against
the use of gendered words ending in -ess,
like authoress and poetress, are being,
in short, whiny and illogical,
and that since the English language is flexible enough
to allow these designations, we had better let it.
There is one interesting note in his jeremiad, however:
For all his late Victorian bluster,
Fowler was prescient in one regard:
most of our current uses of gendered modifiers
are vocation-related
(lady doctor, woman senator, female restaurateur).
And he has some usage guidance on that score.
But Fowler had some further thoughts on female and woman.
After noting that the noun female
had become “reasonably resented”
as mostly a biological designation,
he goes on to say that
It is not reasonable to extend this resentment
to the adjective use of female;
but it is the mistaken extension which probably
accounts for the apparent avoidance of the natural phrase
female suffrage & the use of the clumsy woman suffrage instead.
His preference for female over woman
seems to be grammatical in nature:
he notes that shoehorning woman (a noun) into an adjective’s role
is “mere perversity”
when there’s a perfectly good adjective to use instead: female.
Fowler set the tone for the conversation
that would take off in the latter part of the 20th century.
Linguists and scholars who studied gendered language
have, over decades, formulated the general rule
we currently function under.
Lady as a modifier is disparaging at best and should be avoided:
When choosing between female and woman as modifiers,
the usage advice is split. Some advocate for woman:
Although it is generally preferable
to use woman or women as adjectives...
but allow that female is also an adequate choice:
... there will be times when female seems more appropriate.
Use it, however, only when you would use male
in a similar situation or when it is necessary for clarification;
sex-specific adjectives are often gratuitous and belittling...
— Rosalie Maggio, The bias-free word finder:
a dictionary of nondiscriminatory language, 1992
In her book,
Lakoff uses female as the gendered modifier of choice,
even going so far as to double-gendering
with the construction “female comediennes” at one point.
Some of the preference for female over woman
is a holdover of Fowler’s grammar point:
female is an adjective while woman is not:
So while all agree that lady as a modifier is right out
—though we do still see the modifier lady in current English prose
—there’s currently a split between the use of woman and female
as modifiers, with some preferring one over the other.
And yet, for all the confusion, there is better advice out there:
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Lady
The word lady is used in complex ways in British high society,
where it usually corresponds to the use of lord for men.
For example,
it’s used when referring to women
who hold certain titles:
marchioness, countess, viscountess, or baroness.
It can also be used of the wife of a lower-ranking noble,
such as a baron, baronet, or knight.
Lady is also the courtesy title
for the daughters of higher-ranking nobles:
dukes, marquesses, or earls.
The daughters of viscounts and barons
are referred to as "The Honorable,"
and daughters of baronets or knights
are simply called "Miss."
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
Usage Note:
The word lady goes back to Old English
and was traditionally used for a woman of social standing or rank.
Perhaps because of the word's association
with high society,
today lady is most acceptable in parallel with gentleman,
as in the sentences
Ladies and gentlemen, your attention please! and
At the opera for the first time,
they were dazzled by all of the ladies in ball gowns
and gentlemen in sharp tuxedos.
This latter sentence was approved by
91 percent of the Usage Panel in our 2016 survey.
By contrast, the sentence
Nancy Brown will be the first lady to serve as chair of the committee
was accepted by only 29 percent of the Panel,
with many panelists commenting that
the use of lady where woman would easily do can be taken as offensive.
The degree to which lady is or isn't considered offensive
has become dependent on context.
When presented with a range of sentences
using lady in formal and informal contexts
with both male and female speakers,
many members of the Panel stated that
they found lady to be acceptable and inoffensive
when used ironically or jocularly.
· The use of lady as an attributive to modify another noun,
as in the phrase lady doctor,
is widely considered offensive.
When the sex of the person is relevant,
the preferred modifier is woman or female.
See Usage Note at female.
Random House Kerneman Webster’s college Dictionary:
usage:
In the meanings “refined, polite woman”
and “woman of high social position”
the noun lady is the parallel of gentleman.
As forms of address, both nouns are used in the plural
(Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your cooperation),
but only lady occurs in the singular.
Except in chivalrous, literary, humorous or similar contexts
(Lady, spurn me not),
this singular is now usu. perceived as rude
or at least insensitive:
Where do you want the new air conditioner, lady?
Other uses that are commonly disliked
include lady in compounds or phrases
referring to occupation or position
(cleaning lady; forelady; saleslady)
and as a modifier (lady artist; lady doctor).
Increasingly, sex-neutral terms replace lady
(cleaner; supervisor; salesperson or salesclerk).
When it is relevant to specify
the sex of the performer or practitioner,
woman rather than lady is used,
the parallel term being man, or male
and female are used as modifiers:
I need a saleswoman;
Male doctors outnumber female doctors on
the hospital staff by three to one.
See also -person, -woman.
syn: See woman.
Random House Kerneman Webster’s college Dictionary:
USAGE NOTE FOR -WOMAN
Feminine compounds ending in -woman
are equivalent to the
masculine compounds in -man.
When the person referred to is a woman,
the feminine form is often, but not always,
used:
alderman, alderwoman; assemblyman, assemblywoman;
chairman, chairwoman; congressman, congresswoman;
spokesman, spokeswoman; businessman, businesswoman.
However, some forms ending in -man are applied to women,
and occasionally terms in -man are specified by legal code:
Alderman Dorothy Lavelle.
In general, the practice in current edited written English
is to avoid the -man form
in reference to a woman or the plural -men
when mixed sexes are involved.
Instead, a sex-neutral term is used:
councilmembers rather than councilmen and
councilwomen; representative or legislator
rather than congressman or congresswoman.
See also chairperson, -man, -person.
Random House Kerneman Webster’s college Dictionary:
wom′an•less, adj.
syn: woman, female, lady
are nouns referring to adult human beings
who are biologically female, that is,
capable of bearing offspring.
woman is the general, neutral term:
a wealthy woman.
In scientific, statistical, and other objective
use female is the neutral contrastive term to male:
104 females to every 100 males.
female is sometimes used disparagingly: a gossipy female.
lady in the sense “polite, refined woman” is a term of approval:
We know you will always behave like a lady.
Random House Kerneman Webster’s college Dictionary:
usage:
Although formerly
woman was sometimes regarded as demeaning
and lady was the term of courtesy,
woman is the designation preferred by most modern female adults:
League of Women Voters;
American Association of University Women.
woman is the standard parallel to man.
When modifying a plural noun, woman, like man, becomes plural:
women athletes; women students.
The use of lady as a term of courtesy
has diminished somewhat in recent years,
although it still survives in a few set phrases
(ladies' room; Ladies' Day).
lady is also used, but decreasingly,
as a term of reference for women engaged
in occupations considered by some to be menial or routine:
cleaning lady; saleslady.
Random House Kerneman Webster’s college Dictionary:
-woman
a combining form of woman:
chairwoman; forewoman; spokeswoman.
usage: Compounds ending in -woman
commonly correspond to the masculine compounds in -man:
councilman, councilwoman;
congressman, congresswoman.
The current practice, esp. in edited written English,
is to avoid the -man form in reference to a woman or the plural -men
when members of both sexes are involved.
Often, a sex-neutral term is used;
for example,
council member rather than either councilman or councilwoman;
representatives or legislators rather than congressmen.
See also -man, -person.
Collins COBUID English Dictionary:
woman – lady
1. used as a noun
You usually refer toan adult female person as a woman /'wʊmən/.
His mother was a tall, dark-haired woman.
The plural of woman is women /'wɪmɪn/.
There were men and women working in the fields.
You can use lady as a polite way of referring to a woman,
especially if the woman is present.
We had a visit from an American lady.
There is a lady here who wants to speak to you.
Be Careful!
It is almost always better
to refer to someone as an old lady or an elderly lady,
rather than an 'old woman'.
I helped an old lady to carry her shopping.
She is an elderly lady living on her own.
If you are addressing a group of women,
you call them ladies, not 'women'.
Ladies, could I have your attention, please?
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen.
2. 'woman' and 'women' used as modifiers
Woman is sometimes used in front of other nouns.
She said that she would prefer to see a woman doctor.
You use women in front of plural nouns, not 'woman'.
Women drivers can get cheaper car insurance.
Be Careful!
Normally, you just refer to
a female doctor, writer etc as a doctor or a writer.
Only use woman doctor, woman writer etc
if it is necessary to make it clear that you are referring to a woman.
Farlex Trivia Dictionary:
lady
A buck party, like a stag party, is one without ladies.
- chatelaine - The lady or mistress of a household.
- lady - From Old English hlaf, "loaf,"
and a Germanic base meaning "knead,"
it first literally meant "one who kneads bread."
madam - French, literally, "my lady."
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