2022-01-16
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - chronic
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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง chronic = “KRON-ik”
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
CHRONIC
(not cr-) This word is often misused.
It doesn’t mean terrible or serious.
It means long-lasting, persistent,
when applied to an illness.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for chronic
Inveterate, Confirmed, Chronic
mean firmly established.
Inveterate applies to a habit, attitude, or feeling of
such long existence as to be practically ineradicable or unalterable.
an inveterate smoker
Confirmed implies a growing stronger and firmer with time
so as to resist change or reform.
a confirmed bachelor
Chronic suggests something that is persistent or endlessly
recurrent and troublesome.
a chronic complainer
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
Chronic coughing goes on and on;
chronic lateness occurs day after day;
chronic lameness never seems to get any better.
Unfortunately,
situations thatwe call chronic
almost always seem to be unpleasant.
We never hear about chronic peace,
but we do hear about chronic warfare.
And we never speak of chronic health, only of chronic illness.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Is It 'Chronic' or 'Acute'?
We hope you don't feel pain of either sort.
Everyone will occasionally confuse one word with another,
especially in cases where the two are closely related in meaning.
This is quite excusable, as none of us manage to use
our words in a way that is without reproach by all.
And should enough people confuse the two words for long enough
(and mostly do it in a similar manner)
then one of these words will take on a new meaning,
and we'll have a great big party in Springfield
during which we invoke dark forces,
ceremoniously write the new semantically drifted
definition in blood, and probably even eat some cake.
But it takes a considerable amount of use
over a considerable length of time
before we (or any other dictionary) will consider that
a word which is used in creative fashion merits a new definition;
most of the time
we look at the questionable use and think “that’s a mistake.”
As when chronic is where one might otherwise use acute.
The settings in which this confusion occurs
tend to be medical, especially those which deal with pain.
You may suffer from acute pain or from chronic pain,
and the meanings
for each of these regrettable circumstances are rather different.
Acute has a large number of meanings
(relating to sensory matters, angles, pitch of sound, etc.)
but the one concerned with matters medical is
“characterized by sharpness or severity”
and “having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course.”
The definitions of chronic, when referring to pain or an ailment,
are more along the lines of
“marked by long duration, by frequent recurrence over a long time,
and often by slowly progressing seriousness” and “not acute.”
One way to distinguish between these words is
to pay attention to their roots.
Acute comes from the Latin acūtus, meaning
“sharpened, pointed, having a violent onset, discerning,
less than 90 degrees (of an angle).”
Chronic is from the Greek word for “time,” chronos.
Both of these words, when they came into the English language,
had their now-common medical meaning as the first documented use.
For acute this meaning was the
“characterized by sharpnessor severity” sense,
and chronic was initially used in the aforementioned “not acute” sense.
The earliest written record we currently have of chronic is,
as they say,
a doozy, combiningthe awkward orthography of pre-standardized spelling, astronomy, sexually transmitted diseases (it’s about syphilis),
and a healthy dose of xenophobia (the disease in question is referred to as the French Pox).
It is easy to see how these two words might be used interchangeably,
since both “acute pain” and “chronic pain”
fit well into the category of ‘things we would rather not have happen.’
But when describing an affliction or ailment
you would do well to reserve
acute for short and violent episodes and
chronic for those of greater duration.
The fact that acute indigestion and chronic indigestion
are both deeply unpleasant conditions
which are concerned with your stomach
does not make them synonymous.
Chronic has expanded its meaning in other areas as well,
and may be found used with the meaning “habitual.”
Some usage guides feel that this use is ill-advised, and to be avoided.
However, this non-medical sense of the word
has had currency for hundreds of years,
and may be used without trepidation.
And yes, we are aware of the marijuana sense of chronic,
and are carefully monitoring its use.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words Matter
Misusing Common Words?
chronic, adjective
1 medical : continuing or occurring again and again for a long time
2 : happening or existing frequently or most of the time
3 : always or often doing something specified—NOT severe or acute
Chronic pain: it's not something to wish on your worst enemy.
But the word chronic does not describe the severity of the pain;
it describes its frequency.
Chronic pain is either constant or recurring.
The pain itself can be anywhere on that pain scale of one to ten.
