2021-02-13
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – ‘till & till & until
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง ‘till = ‘TIL’
ออกเสียง till = ‘TIL’
ออกเสียง until = ‘uhn-TIL’
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
till, 'til, or 'till?
Conjunction
People often ask which is
the correct synonym of until: till, ’til, or ’till?
Many assume that till is an abbreviated form of until.
Actually, it is a distinctive word
that existed in English at least a century before until,
both as a preposition meaning “to”
and a conjunction meaning “until.”
It has seen continuous use in English since the 12th century
and is a perfectly legitimate synonymof until.
’Til and ’till are much newer words,
having appeared in the language only in the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively.
Both are variant spellings, either of until or of till.
Writers of usage guides
have roundly condemned ’till as a barbarism
(apparently because it seems to have added a superfluous l to the end of until).
’Til,for its part, has been deemed inappropriate in formal writing.
To sum up: until and till can be used freely and interchangeably,
but you will probably want to avoid ’till and use ’til advisedly.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Until, Till, 'Til, or 'Till?
Or should you give up and find another word?
What to Know
Until, till,and 'til are all used in modern English
to denote when something will happen.
Until and till are both standard,
but what might be surprising is that till is the older word.
'Til, with one L, is an informal and poetic shortening of until.
The form 'till, with an additional L,is rarely if ever used today.
We often find that people will ask
how they should write until
if they don’t want to use that actual word;
should it instead be till or ’til?
Or, for the orthographically adventurous, is ’till a reasonable choice?
'Till' is Older Than 'Until'
One reason for the confusion in this area is that
many people assume that till is a misshapen abbreviation of until,
a mistaken form in which the apprehensive spellers
among us tack on an extra L at the end
in order to make their word look a bit more balanced
and give it some additional heft.
However, till is not a shortening of until.
It actually predates the longer word.
Till has been in use in English since the 9th century;
the earliest sense of the word was the same as the preposition to.
It has been used as a conjunction meaning "until" since the 12th century.
Until has been in use as both a preposition and a conjunction
for almost as long.
Both of these words are acceptable;
you may send a text to your misbehaving child stating either
“U R grounded till 4ever” or “U R grounded until 4ever.”
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Until and till can be prepositionsor conjunctions.
There is no difference in meaning between until and till.
Till is more common in conversation, and is not used in formal writing.
1. used as prepositions
If you do something until or till a particular time,
you stop doing it at that time.
He continued to teach until his death in 1960.
I said I'd work till 4 p.m.
If you want to emphasize that something does not stop
before the time you mention,
you can use up until, up till, or up to.
Up until 1950 coal provided over 90% of our energy needs.
Eleanor had not up till then taken part in the discussion.
Up to now they've had very little money.
If something does not happen until or till a particular time,
it does not happen before that time.
Details will not be available until January.
We didn't get back till two.
2. used with 'after'
You can use until or till with phrases beginning with after.
He decided to wait until after Christmas to propose to Gertrude.
We didn't get home till after midnight.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'until' or 'till' to say that
something will have happened before a particular time.
Don't say, for example,
'The work will be finished until four o'clock'.
You say 'The work will be finished by four o'clock'.
By 8.05 the groups were ready.
Total sales reached 1 million by 2010.
3. used with 'from'
From is often used with until or till
to say when something finishes and ends.
The ticket office will be open from 10.00am until 1.00pm.
They worked from dawn till dusk.
In sentences like these, you can use to instead of 'until' or 'till'.
Some American speakers also use through.
Open daily 1000-1700 from 23rd March to 3rd November.
I was in college from 1985 through 1990.
Be Careful!
You only use until or till when you are talking about time.
Don't usethese words to talk about position.
Don't say, for example, 'She walked until the post office'.
You say 'She walked as far as the post office'.
They drove as far as the Cantabrian mountains.
4. used as conjunctions
Instead ofa noun phrase,
you can use a subordinate clause after until or till.
You often use the present simple in the subordinate clause.
They concentrate on one language until they go to university.
Stay here with me till help comes.
You can also use the present perfect in the subordinate clause.
I'll wait here until you have had your breakfast.
When you are talking about events in the past,
you use the past simple or the past perfect in the subordinate clause.
The plan remained secret until it was exposed by the press.
He continued watching until I had driven off in my car.
Be Careful!
Don't use a future form in the subordinate clause.
Don't say, for example 'Stay here with me till help will come'
or 'I'll wait here until you will have had your breakfast'.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
Usage Note:
Till and until are generally interchangeable in both writing and speech,
though as the first word in a sentence until is usually preferred:
Until you get that paper written, don't even think about going to the movies.
Till is actually the older word,
with until having been formed by the addition to it of the prefix un-,
meaning "up to."
In the 1700s, the spelling 'till became fashionable,
as if till were a shortened form of until.
Although 'till is now nonstandard,
'til is sometimes used in this way and is considered acceptable,
though it is etymologically incorrect.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage:
till and until are both very old in the language
and are interchangeable as both prepositionsand conjunctions:
It rained till (or until) nearly midnight.
The savannah remained brown until (or till) the rains began.
till is not a shortened form of until and is not spelled 'till.
'til is usu. considered a spelling error,
though commonly used in business and advertising:
Open 'til ten.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
‘till & till& until
Each of these words mean
“up until the time of,”
“near or at a special time”:
“We shall wait for you ‘til (or till or until) sundown.”
“He did not arrive until (or ‘til, or until) yesterday”
‘Til is a shortened, variant form of until.
‘Til seemed needless, is obsolescent even in poetic diction,
and should be used rarely, if at all.
Till and until are interchangeable;
each normally means “before,” “up to,” or “when.”
Until is usually preferred over till
at the beginning of a statement because of its sound and to prevent confusion.
‘Til is nonstandard.
