2020-11-26
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – Per & percent & percentage
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Per = ‘PUR’ (unstressed – per)
ออกเสียง percent or per cent = “per-SENT’
ออกเสียง percentage = ‘per-SEN-tij’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Per =
to, for, or by each: one ticket per person;
according to: per our agreement
Not to be confused with:
purr – soft, vibrant sound made by a cat:
She will sit in my lap and purr.
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF PERCENT
Percent is from the Latin adverbial phrase per centum
meaning “by the hundred.”
The Latin phrase entered English in the 16th century.
Later, it was abbreviated per cent. with a final period.
Eventually, the period was dropped and
the two parts merged to produce
the modern one-word form percent.
The two-word form per cent is still usedoccasionally,
but its use is diminishing.
The percent sign (% ) is used chiefly
in scientific, tabular, or statistical material
and only with numerals preceding it:
58%; a range of 30% to 40%.
Dictionary.com
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH PERCENT
In the senses “rate or proportion perhundred”
and “proportion in general”
percent and percentage are frequently interchangeable.
With a preceding number, only percent occurs ( a 16 percent decline );
with no preceding number, either occurs,
but percentage is much more common:
a certain percentage (or percent ) of the land.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR PER
Per for a or an or for
each occurs chiefly in technical or statistical contexts:
miles per gallon;
work-hours per week;
feet per second;
gallons of beer per person per year.
It is also common in sports commentary:
He averaged 16 points per quarter.
Per is sometimes criticized in business writing
in the sense “according to” and is rare in literary writing.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Per & percent & percentage
Using “per” to mean “according to”
as in “ship the widgets as per the instructions of the customer”
is rather old-fashioned business jargon,
and is not welcome in other contexts.
“Per” is fine when used in phrases involving figures like “miles per gallon.”
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Per & percent & percentage
When something has been reduced by one hundred percent,
it’s all gone (or if the reduction was in its price, it’s free).
You can’t properly speak of
reducing anything by more than a hundred percent
(unless it’s a deficit or debt, in which case you wind up with a surplus).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Using Per as a Preposition: Usage Guide
Preposition
Per occurs most frequently in business contexts;
its use outside such contexts is often criticizedbut is quite widespread, especially in sense 2.
Its most common and natural nonbusiness uses
always involve figures, usually in relation to price
$150 per performance, automobiles 32 miles per gallon
55 miles per hour ,
or sports. averages 15 points and 9 rebounds per game
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage:
per meaning “for each”
occurs chiefly in technical or statistical contexts:
miles per gallon; cost per person.
It is also common in sports commentary:
16 points per quarter.
A or an is often considered more suitable in nontechnical use.
per or as per meaning “according to”
is sometimes criticized and is rare in edited writing.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Usage Note:
Statistically speaking,
a quantity can be increased by any percentage
but cannot be decreased by more than 100 percent.
Once pollution has been reduced by 100 percent,
for example, it ceases to exist.
In defiance of this logic,
however, advertisers sometimes refer to
a 150 percent decrease in lost luggage
or a new dental rinse that reduces plaque on teeth by over 300 percent.
Presumably what is implied by the latter is that
the new rinse is three times as effective as some other rinse,
but such constructions are still subject to criticism as illogical.
Percent can take a singular or plural verb,
depending on how the quantity being described is viewed.
Very often what determines the form of the verb is the noun nearest to it.
Thus, one might say
Eighty percent of the legislators are going to vote against the bill
or Eighty percent of the legislature is set to vote the bill down.
In the second sentence the group of legislators
is considered as a body, not as individuals.
When percent is used without a following prepositional phrase,
either a singular or plural verb is acceptable.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Usage Note:
When preceded by the, percentage takes a singular verb:
The percentage of unskilled workers is small.
When preceded by a, it takes either a singular or plural verb,
depending on the number of the noun in the prepositional phrase that follows:
A small percentage of the workers are unskilled.
A large percentage of the crop has spoiled.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
per•cent′al, adj.
usage:
percent is derived from per cent.,
an abbreviation in English of per centum,
a phrase borrowed directly from Latin.
The use of the two-word form is diminishing.
The percent sign (%) is used chiefly
in scientific, tabular, or statistical material
and only with numerals preceding it: 58%.
In the sense “proportion in general,”
with no preceding number,
percent and percentage are frequently interchangeable,
but percentage is much more common:
a certain percentage (or percent) of the land.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Percentage – per cent
When you express an amount as a percentage of a whole,
you say how many parts the amount would have
if the whole had 100 equal parts.
You write a percentage as a number followed by
per cent or by the symbol %.
So, for example,
if there are 1000 people living in a village and 250 of them are children,
you say that 25 per cent or 25% of the people in the village are children.
What is the percentage of nitrogen in air?
He won 28.3 per cent of the vote.
Per cent is sometimes written as one word,
especially in American English.
Remember that 90 percent of most food is water.
You also use percentage to show approximately
how large or small an amount is as a proportion of a whole.
For example, you can say that an amount is a large percentage
or a small percentage of the whole.
The illness affects only a tiny percentage of babies.
When percentage is used like this in front of the plural form of a noun,
you use a plural form of a verb after it.
A large percentage of the students do not speak English at home.
When percentage is used in front of
a singular form or an uncountable noun,
you use a singular form of a verb after it.
Only a small percentage of the money is given to charity.
A high percentage of their income was spent on rent.
