2020-11-26
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – Peoples & persons & party
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Peoples = ‘PEE-puhl’
ออกเสียง persons = ‘PUR-suhn’
ออกเสียง party = ‘PAHR-tee’
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR PEOPLE
People is usually followed by a plural verb
and referred to by a plural pronoun:
People are always looking for a bargain.
The people have made their choice.
The possessive is formed regularly, with theapostrophe
before the -s:
people's desire for a bargain;
the people's choice.
When people means
“the entire body of persons who constitute a community
or other group by virtue of a common culture, history,
etc.,” it is used as a singular, withthe plural peoples :
This people shares characteristics with certain inhabitants of central Asia. The aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere speak many different languages.
The formation of the possessive is regular;
the singular is people's and the plural is peoples '.
At one time, some usage guides maintained that
people could not be preceded by a number,
as in Fewer than 30 people showed up.
This use is now unquestionably standard in allcontexts.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR PERSON
Person, individual, personage are terms
applied to human beings.
Person is the most general and commonword:
the average person.
Individual views a person as standing alone
or as a single member of a group:
the characteristics of the individual;
its implication is sometimes derogatory:
a disagreeable individual.
Personage is used (sometimes ironically) of an outstanding or illustrious person:
We have a distinguished personage visiting us today.
Dictionary.com
GRAMMAR NOTES FOR PERSON
There is understandable confusion about the plural of this word.
Is it persons or people?
Person
—like other regular English nouns
—constructs its grammatical plural by adding -s, forming persons.
This has been so since person came into Middle English in the late twelfth century. But as far back as the fourteenth century,
some writers, including the poet Chaucer, were using an entirely different word— people, not persons
—as the functional plural of person.
And today, people seems more natural,
especially in casual, informal conversation or writing.
Using people as a plural of person
has not always been free of controversy.
From the mid nineteenth to the late twentieth century,
the use of people instead of persons was hotly contested;
and among some news publications, book publishers,
and writers of usage books, it was expresslyforbidden.
To quell the fires of the argument,
some usage authorities attempted to regulateuse of the two forms
—recommending persons when counting a small, specific number of individuals
(Three persons were injured in the accident)
and people when referring to a large, round, or uncountable number
(More than two thousand people bought tickets on the first day;
People crowded around the exhibit, blocking it from view ).
But efforts to impose such precise rules inlanguage usually fail.
This rule does not appear in currently popular style manuals, and if such a rule still exists in anyone's mind, it is mainly ignored.
People is the plural form that most people are most comfortable with most of the time.
Persons seems excessively formal and stilted in ordinary conversation or casual writing.
One would probably not say,
“How many persons came to your birthday party?”
In legal or formal contexts, however,
persons is often the form of choice
(The police are looking for any person orpersons who may have witnessed the crime; Occupancy by more than 75 persons is prohibited by the fire marshal).
In addition, persons is often usedwhen we pluralize person in a set phrase (missing persons; persons of interest).
Otherwise, the modern consensus is that
people is the preferred plural.
Persons is not wrong, but it is increasingly rare.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR PARTY
Party meaning “a specific individual” is oldin the language,
going back to the 15th century, and was formerly in common use.
Today, it remains standard in limited senses,
chiefly the legal, and is often used humorouslyor condescendingly:
the party holding the balloon.
The word person is the neutral and common term.
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF PARTY
English party, with its many senses, comes from Old French partie,
whose many meanings include “part, side, portion,” literally, “something that has been divided or separated.”
In form, partie is the noun use of the feminine past participle of partir
“to leave, go, take off, start” (and many other senses). Partir comes from Latin partīre (also partīrī ), whose relatively few meanings include “to share, distribute, divide, divide up.”
Since the 1300s, party has taken on a number of useful meanings, including “any of the people engaged in a formal legal proceeding,”
which dates from the early 14th century. First noted in the 17th century is the sense of “an organized political group or faction” (the Party, short for "the Communist Party," would show up around 1919).
Also dating from the 17th century is the term party wall, “a wall that forms a boundary between areas with different owners,”
while the familiar “festive social gathering” sense of party can be traced back to the early 18th century.
In the next century, party line emerged (during the 1830s) as a political term meaning “a policy or principle to be maintained,” and later (from the early 1890s) was more commonly used in the now obsolete sense of “a telephone line shared by several subscribers.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
In the Middle Ages “peoples” was not an uncommon word,
but later writers grew wary of it
because “people” has a collective, plural meaning
which seemed to make “peoples” superfluous.
It lived on in the sense of “nations” (“the peoples of the world”)
and from this social scientists (anthropologists inparticular) derived the extended meaning “ethnic groups” (“the peoples of the upper Amazon Basin”).
However, in ordinary usage “people” is usually understood to be plural, so much so that in the bad old days when dialect humor was popular having a speaker refer to “you peoples” indicatedilliteracy.
If you are not referring to national or ethnic groups,
it is better to avoid “peoples” and use “people.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'People' vs. 'Persons'
How to choose between two words that seem to mean the same thing
What to Know
People should always be used when a collective noun referring
to the entirety of a group or nation (i.e., "the French People") is called for.
For references to groups of a specific orgeneral number, either people or persons may be used, but modern style guides tend to prefer people where earlier guides preferred persons,
especially for countable groups.
There are few things in the English language
more vexatious and bedeviling
than two words which mean almost the same thing,
especially if they are similar in appearance.
The seeming luxury of having multiple words to choosefrom is not sufficient to offset the lingering fear that no matter which word you pick it will be the wrong one, causing people to silently laugh at you and judge both you and your grammar school teachers.
So when presented with the choice of people or persons
to describe a multitude of humans, many people begin to chew their fingernails in nervous agitation.
Is there a simple explanation for which one to use?
Not really, but simple explanations aren’t all they’re cracked up to be, so keep reading.
When a collective noun is called for
(to refer, for instance, to the members of an entire nation)
the appropriate word will always be 'people' ("the French people").
Many usage guides over the years have suggested that
there is a clear distinction between these two words;
people is used when referring to
a collective group or indeterminate number,
and persons serves better when referringto individuals
(or a number of individuals).
There are many instances
in which this difference may be observed,
often when the two words are side by side.
That universal chearfulness which is the lot of some people, persons that you and I may envy at the same time that we despise, is all worth all that either fortune or nature can bestow. —William Shenstone, Works, Letter, 27 Feb. 1753
Origins of People vs Persons
Both words may be traced to Latin roots:
people comes from populus (“the people”), and person from persona (“mask [especially one worn by an actor], actor, person”).
We have been quibbling about which one we should choose since at least the eighteenth century.
The word people, is so very general, that it cannot be connected with a determinate number; as for instance, four, five, or six people; but that of persons may.
To be pleasant at table, none should be admitted but people of good humour: neither should there be more than seven or eight persons. —John Trusler Distinction between Words esteemed Synonymous in the English Language, 1776
The objections to using people as a plural of person have shifted over the centuries. George Crabb, writing in the early 19th century, offered a slightly class-conscious rationale for why people should be avoided:
As the term people is employed to designate the promiscuous multitude, it has acquired a certain meanness of acceptation which makes it less suitable than the word persons, when people of respectability are referred to. George Crabb, English Synonyms Explained, 1818
Matters of respectability aside, the more common dictum until recently was that people should be avoided when referring to any specific or general number of individuals.
people: Where individual persons, or a number of such, are intended, this word should be discarded in favor of persons. —Frank Vizetelly, A Desk-Book of Errors in English, 1920
The fourth edition of Strunk and White’s
The Elements of Style still contains a cautionary note on not using people in this circumstance:
“The word people is best not used withwords of number, in place of persons. If of ‘six people’ five went away, how many ‘people’ would be left? Answer: one people.”
However, in the last few decades the trend has been very much in favor of people, rather than persons.
The AP Stylebook flatly states “The word people is preferred to persons in all plural uses.”
And The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage now also states “Use people as the plural of person,”
although they add that persons may still be used in certain settings (“letters to the editor, in untranslated texts, in direct quotations and in a few established idioms like displaced persons and missing persons bureau”).
Collective Nouns
Persons tends to be still be found
in some formalized settings,
such as legal writing, or when a writer wishes to appear extra fancy.
But the tide of opinion has shifted enough that you should feel comfortable using people in most cases where you have a choice.
And if your ear tells you that persons would work better,
there are still enough writers who use this word that your choice will likely not be looked at askance.
It should be remembered, however,
that when a collective noun is called for
(to refer, for instance, to the members of an entire nation)
people is the appropriate word (“the French people”).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words at Play
The Difference Between 'Person' and 'Personage'
Both words have personality
Language changes just fast enough that we notice
—and usually we disapprove of those changes that we notice.
Relatively new words to American English arefrequently criticized:
think of impactful, ginormous, or bae,
all of which rub some people the wrong way.
A personage is "a person of high rank" or "a dramatic, fictional, or historical character.”
Its least-common meaning still in current use is a synonym of “person.”
Often it’s harder to observe the decline in usage of a given word.
It’s much less dramatic.
One example is personage,
a word that has eight definitions in Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, four of which are labeledeither archaic or obsolete.
The Latin word persona meant“actor’s mask” or “actor’s role,”
and our word person, its first descendant inEnglish,
initially meant both
“an individual human being” and “a character or part in a play,”
the latter being the meaning of the French word personnage.
In fact, both person and personage camefrom French,
and the -age suffix
used in words like dosage, postage, and orphanage
can sometimes specifically mean “state” or “rank,”
as in the high-status peerage orthe low-status peonage.
A personage was therefore “a person of high rank”
—one of the ways the word is still used today
(frequently with a modifier
such as “historical personage,” “distinguished personage,”
or “royal personage.”)
Personage can also mean “a dramatic, fictional, or historical character.”
Its least-common meaning still in current use is a synonym of “person.”
The rareness of this use of the word
may be due to a common prejudice
against longer words used when shorter words cando the job
(people criticize utilize when used to mean use for the same reason).
The meanings of personage that have fallen from use over time are mostly abstract: “the form or appearance of a person,”
“a person of specified bodily form,”
“a representation of a human being,” and
“one’s self, personality, or personal identity.”
You might think that persona wasthe oldest of these related words in English, since it entered the language directly from Latin.
In fact, it’s the newest: it came to English centuries later than the others,
in the 1700s, during a time when scholars in England introduced words from Greek and Latin
(which is why the Latin plural form is commonly seen in dramatis personae).
That original meaning, “actor’s mask,” never really caught on;
it was the use of the term by psychologist Carl Jung in the early 1900s, referring to the outward attitude or projected character of a person, that did.
(Jung’s psychology also popularized the word archetype and synchronicity.)
So it might be said that
a personage is simply a person with an impressive persona.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
People – person
1. 'people'
People is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb after it.
People is most commonly used to refer to
a particular group of men and women,
or a particular group of men, women, and children.
The people at my work mostly wear suits.
Two hundred people were killed in the fire.
You often use people to refer to all the men, women, and children
of a particular country, tribe, or race.
The British people elect a new government every four or five years.
2. 'peoples'
When you are referring to several countries, tribes, or races,
you can use the plural form peoples.
They all belong to the ancient group of Indo-European peoples.
3. another use of 'people'
People can also be used to say that something is generally done.
I don't think people should drive so fast.
She always tried to help people.
4. 'person'
Person is a countable noun.
A person is an individual man, woman, or child.
There was far too much food for one person.
Chen is a good person to ask if you have a computer problem.
The usual plural of 'person' is people,
but in formal English persons is sometimes used.
No unauthorized persons may enter the building.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
party
A party is a social event where people enjoy themselves
by eating, drinking, dancing, talking, or playing games.
You use have, give, or throw to say that someone organizes a party.
We are having a party on Saturday.
They gave a party to celebrate their daughter's graduation.
We threw her a huge birthday party.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'make'.
Don't say, for example, 'We are making a party'.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
'Party': A Word for One or Many
Reader, you are the party we are in search of.
What to Know
Before party referred to groups or festivities,
it originally meant a "part of a whole"
and more often applied to individuals.
Legally a "party" existed on oneside of an issue,
or a "third party" was an individual who was affected
but not part of either side.
Party also saw use as a generic word fora person,
and in group settings like "hunting party,"
before the word formally referred to "social gatherings."
People have been partying since the dawn of time,
but it took quite a while for the noun party,
referring to a social gathering, to join the English language,
and much longer for the related verb (it's a 20th-century Americanism).
Originally, the noun meant
"a part of a whole," or "a division, portion, or share."
"The fourthe party of this day is goon," wrote medieval author Geoffrey Chaucer in the "The Man of Lawes Prologe" of The Canterbury Tales. The word is a Middle-English borrowing of Anglo-French partie, a noun derived from the verb partir, meaning "to divide." This sense of party fell into disuse in English toward the end of the 17th century, but party is still living it up—and in senses dating back to its beginnings.
Earliest Use of 'Party'
Earliest senses are still found in law books today referring to a part
—an individual or a group
—constituting one of the sides of a proceeding, transaction, or agreement.
If one stops to think about it,
the notion of a "party" being a single person might strike one as a bit odd, given that the word is most often used for a gathering of people,
not "a party of one."
However, it has been used in both ways,
in and outside the courts, for centuries
—and no one thinks twice about the sole party.
The term party in interest is one common,
at least in law, example of singular party.
It refers to a person whose rights have been or might be
(after final judgment) affected by a legal action,
which often concerns the party's pecuniary interests,
carried out especially by a government or judicial body.
Legal experts … don't believe the fact that the case as brought in the campaign's name would necessarily shield Trump himself from discovery, since he's the person in charge of the campaign, a likely fact witness and the real party in interest in terms of alleged damages. — Erik Wemple, The Washington Post, 5 Mar. 2020
Another word for "a party of one" is third party,
which names a person who is not one of the two main people involved
in a legal agreement but who is still affectedby it in some way.
By the late 14th century, the legal party sense referring to an individual was extended to a participant in any kind of action or affair.
IAGO: Gentlemen all, I do suspect this Trash / To be a party in this injury. — William Shakespeare, Othello, ca. 1604
Beyond Legal Definitions
A little less than a century later,
party begins being used in a jocular manner for a specific person, especially to a person who hasreached a certain age.
The girls [the Brontë sisters] were neither mad nor bad nor particularly dangerous to know. Their father, Patrick, was a kind and genial parent; their brother, Branwell, was a talented and resourceful writer; Aunt Elizabeth Branwell was not the ferocious and dogmatic Methodist of myth but a rather flighty old party of advanced views. — Peter Ackroyd, The New Yorker, 11 Sept. 1995
By the 17th century, party becomes a generic word for "person."
For, to yourself, what you do know, you must, / And cannot say you dare not. Good Camillo, / Your chang'd complexions are to me a mirror / Which shows me mine chang'd too; for I must be / A party in this alteration, finding / Myself thus alter'd with't.— William Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale, 1610-11
A more recent "party of one" arrived withthe 19th-century invention of the telephone
when party came to be the name for the user of a telephone,
especially one connected to a party line (orparty wire),
which was a single telephone circuit connectingtwo or more subscribers
(people who owned early telephones) with the exchange
(a central office in which telephone lines were once connected).
"Your party is on the line" was a common line heard from an operator.
'Party' Referring to Groups
The single party aside, the word is most often celebrated in its signification of a group.
Early on, party came to denote a groupof people forming one side of a legal case or a contest, battle, etc.,
as well as to a group united in opinion or action in opposition to others.
Additionally, it came to name a detachment of military personnel
and a group engaged in the same activity,
as in "search party" or "hunting party."
In the 17th century, the familiar sense referring topolitical parties took form:
"a group of persons usually sharing a set of political ideals who are organized for the purpose of directing the policies of a government."
About the beginning of the 18th century, English double-dipped and borrowed the French partie, a word for a social gathering for pleasure
(as well as for a part of a whole).
This word is the source of our social party,
which takes part in the names of countless gatherings
for entertainment, amusement, or pleasure: "birthday party," "block party," "cocktail party," "dinner party," "house party," "keg party"
—the parties go on with parties
featuring the presentation and/or demonstration of articles for sale
(e.g., a makeup party or a Tupperware party).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Do You 'Party Hearty' or 'Party Hardy' (or Both)?
The key to partying is being kind and resilient.
What to Know
Party hearty is the original idiom used to describe
someone capable of partying for a long time and having fun.
Soon after the phrase was coined,
it was misheard as party hardy which implies the same thing.
"Hearty" itself refers to good health and ability,
while "hardy" implies a boldness or capability to withstand tough conditions.
Do you "party hearty" or "party hardy"?
Or, perhaps, you do both, and celebrate, drink, eat,
and have a good time with resiliency into the midnight hours?
… he's refrained from contacting any of the folks back home … while single-mindedly stoking his stardom, entertaining millions, and partying hearty. — Joe Leydon, Variety, 17 Jan. 2018
Though Halloween isn't technically until Wednesday, that doesn't mean you can't party hardy or take advantage of the serious flow of candy this weekend in preparation. — Isaac Hale, The Daily Herald, 25 Oct. 2018
Hearty vs Hardy
The adjective hearty refers to doing things heartily
—and, yes, you can "party heartily," too,
but that expression is less common. (You can also "party hardily,"
but, again, that is not often seen in print
—it's just heard in the wee hours of partying hearty.)
If you're partying hearty,
you're more than likely enjoying yourself at the party
and making a fun time for others.
Hearty also expresses that you are ingood health
and have the will and ability to consume the large amounts of food and drink (hence, "hearty appetite") at the party.
Hardy, on the other hand, implies being bold and audacious,
as well as being able to withstand hard things
(like another dozen hot wings or another round).
These are all qualities that enable one
to "party hearty" and/or "party hardy."
Although the phrases are synonymous,
their base words are not, by definition.
Hearty is obviously related to the English word heart (in Old English,
it was heorte), the name of the organ in your chest that pumps blood through your veins and arteries (and that keeps you alive to party on),
and has figurative meanings derived from the idea that the heart is the seat of kindly feelings.
Hardy, on the other hand, is firmly based on hard, from Old English heard, meaning "solid and firm,"
and is often heard in the phrase "hale and hardy"
to describe people in good health
or is used to describe plants that can withstand extreme conditions
(or people who can be out from happy hour to closing time).
What might be surprising to some people is that "party hearty"
was the original expression, which dates from the mid-1900s in American English.
It was likely formed from the process of reduplication
—that is, people began rhyming party with hearty, and it caught on.
In short time, hardy was misheardfor hearty
(just to be clear: hearty and hardy are not homophones),
which created the eggcorn "party hardy" and which, itself, led to the common variant "party hard."
In a 2013, email instructing employees not to party too hard during a retreat in Miami, Kalanick summed up the ethos: "We do not have a budget to bail anyone out of jail. Don't be that guy." — Jessica Hempel, Wired, May 2018
Idioms Defy Grammar
"Party hearty" and "party hardy" are notgrammatical
(although "party hard" is, as hard is an adverb that brings the proper grammatical unit to the party).
Both hearty and hardy are adjectives,
which means they should be modifying a noun or another adjective,
but they instead modify the verb party—adverbs modify verbs.
So the expressions are considered idioms that break the rules of grammar, but, you know, "it ain't a party till something gets broken."
At the beginning of the night, you might "party hearty,"
but after hours you might be said to be "partying hardy."
And, if you are, we just hope you don't find yourself under the table
when the sun rises.
Better grab a glass of water now for good measure.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
People & persons
People and person both refer to
a number of individuals
and are used interchangeably in most contexts.
Neither can be used to refer to an individual:
“one people” and “one persons” are absurd expressions.
No safe rule exists for choosing between peopleand persons
except possibly this:
use people for large groups oran undetermined number of individuals
and persons for a relatively small or exact number:
“Thousand of people attended the fair. Fifty persons won prizes.”
