2020-11-14
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N - Nom de plume & pseudonym & pen name
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Nom de plume = ‘nom-duh-PLOOM \
– French = ‘nawn-duh-PLYM’.
ออกเสียง pseudonym = ‘SOOD-n-im’
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What does nom de plume mean?
A nom de plume is a name, especiallya completely fake one,
under which an author publishes their work
instead of using their real name.
The term pen name means the exact same thing.
There are many reasons an author may
choose to use a nom de plume instead of their own name,
such as to avoid controversy
or to create a persona.
Many women authors throughout history
have used a male or gender-neutral nom de plume
to get their work published due to bias against women writers.
A famous example is
Mary Ann Evans, who used the nom de plume George Eliot.
The term nom de plume technically only applies to writers,
but it is sometimes applied to other artists
or as a synonym for the more general term pseudonym (a fake name).
The proper plural for nom de plume
is noms de plume, but it is often seen as nom de plumes.
Example:
Many people know that Mark Twain was the nom de plume of Samuel Clemens, but they don’t realize he also published as Sieur Louis de Conte.
Where does nom de plume come from?
The first records of the term non de plume come from the 1800s.
Although the phrase uses French words, it was actually coined in English. The French word nom means “name” and plume refers to a quill
—a feather used as a pen. The term pen name is essentially a translation of nom de plume, and both expressions are still in use.
(Nom is used in the same way in the older term nom de guerre,
which refers to a pseudonym used by a soldier.)
Actors and entertainers have stage names
(Cary Grant’s real name was Archibald Leach;
Lady Gaga’s real name is Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta),
but writers have pen names—or noms de plume.
Some famous ones are George Orwell (real name Eric Blair),
Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson),
and Evelyn Waugh (real name Arthur St. John).
Authors use noms de plume for many reasons.
Sometimes, a famous author uses a nom de plume
to publish a work in a genre that’s
different from the one they’re known for,
like when Agatha Christie published non-mystery novels as Mary Westmacott
or J.K. Rowling wrote mystery novels under the name Robert Galbraith.
Or just to write more books,
like Stephen King did with the nom de plume Richard Bachman.
Sometimes, the fake name is intended to create a persona,
such as Diedrich Knickerbocker (real name Washington Irving),
Dr. Suess (real name Theodor Geisel),
or Lemony Snicket (real name Daniel Handler).
Mark Twain, the famous nom de plume of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,
is said to come from the phrase
that riverboat captains would shout out when the boat
was in two fathoms of water.
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What is a pen name?
A pen name is a name,
especially a completely fake one,
under which an author publishes their work instead of using their real name.
The term nom de plume means the exact same thing.
There are many reasons an author may choose
to use a pen name instead of their own name,
such as to avoid controversy or to create a persona.
Many women authors throughout history have used a male
or gender-neutral pen name to get their work published
due to bias against women writers.
A famous example is
Mary Ann Evans, who used the pen name George Eliot.
A more general term for a pen name is pseudonym,
which refers to any false name but is most commonly associated with writers.
Example: Many people know that Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Clemens, but they don’t realize he also published as Sieur Louis de Conte.
Dictionary.com
How Can Technology Help Us Understand Books?
In 2013, the Sunday Times
outed J.K. Rowling as the author of the detective novel The Cuckoo’s Calling, published under her nom de plume Robert Galbraith.
While devotees of Rowling quickly procured and binge-read her latest work, linguists and language lovers worldwide celebrated the computational analysis of the two scholars who helped reveal the true author of the book in question.
How did experts figure out that J.K. Rowling wrote The Cuckoo’s Calling?
Patrick Juola (Duquesne University) and Peter Millican (Oxford University) were both approached by a Times reporter to compare The Cuckoo’s Calling with the novels of J.K. Rowling and three other possible authors.
In a guest post on Language Log, Juola describes his process.
He first explains the theory of “forensic stylometry”: “language is a set of choices, and speakers and writers tend to fall into habitual, or at least common, choices.”
By running tests on variables (such as distribution of word length, percentage of the 100 most common words, and frequency of pairs of adjacent words), Juola found that though the results were “mixed,” it suggested Rowling as the most likely author. Millican ran computational tests to arrive at the same conclusion, discovering along the way that Rowling is less likely to use the phrase as soon as than the three other writers examined.
How did experts figure out Agatha Christie had Alzheimer’s?
Rowling is not the first mystery writer to have her text subjected to the exacting analysis of computational linguistics and their complex algorithms. One episode of the WNYC show Radiolab features Ian Lancashire, a professor at the University of Toronto, who made a startling discovery about Agatha Christie upon running computational word-frequency and vocabulary tests on her novels.
On her 73rd detective novel, her vocabulary decreased by a shocking 20% from that of her previous 72 novels. Additionally Christie’s use of words such as thing, anything, something, and nothing increased sixfold. Lancashire concluded that Christie’s 73rd novel, appropriately titled Elephants Can Remember, marked the onset of Alzheimer’s for this cherished author, who was never diagnosed in her lifetime. Lancashire told Radiolab, “I was seeing the author in the text in a way that people haven’t seen the author in the text before.”
This kind of textual analysis enabled by computers can give readers
a richer understanding of books and the authors behind those works.
One paper by researchers at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (Brazil) and the University of Aberdeen (UK)
explores the social network in the Odyssey, comparing it with modern social networks to suggest that Homer’s epic is based, in part, on actual events.
A visualization of character co-occurrences in Les Misérables created by Mike Bostock helps readers instantly understand the interrelationships of characters in a way that is much more subtle when reading the book.
What is the Google Ngram Viewer?
The Google Ngram Viewer is an excellent resourcefor language lovers, historians, or sociologists who wish to look at more than just one book;
it allows users to search the various Google Books’ corpora (collections of words and texts) to understand trends of word usage over time, often providing insight into social and cultural implications of these trends.
As part of the research for the 2013 Dictionary.com entry for the term Popemobile, lexicographers used the Google Ngram Viewer to generate a visualization of when this word first started appearing in English-language books—the mid-1970s. We can also learn from this graph that Popemobile appears more frequently with an initial capital letter than in all lowercase type. This data helps Dictionary.com provide the most accurate and high-quality definitions for our users.
From revealing the true author of mystery books to helping lexicographers write better definitions, technology quickly illuminates books in ways that might have taken a lifetime of research without the aid of computers.
Writers who wish to stay anonymous can attempt to outsmart stylometry experts—there’s even a program being developedfor this very purpose called Anonymouth.
Perhaps, J.K. Rowling will use a tool like this to disguise her writing the next time she decides to clandestinely break into a new genre.
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF PSEUDONYM
The English noun pseudonym comes via the French adjective and noun pseudonym, in French originally meaning “(pertaining to) one who writes or publishes under an alias,” and then “(pertaining to) a name chosen by someone to conceal his or her identity.”
The Greek origin of pseudonym (and even of its parts) is pretty obvious: Greek pseudṓnymos “under a false name, falsely called” is a compound whose first element pseudo- “false, lying” is a combining form of pseûdos “a lie.” The second element -ṓnymos is a combining form deriving from the noun ónoma (Doric and Aeolic ónyma ) “name.”
The English noun appeared in the early 1800s, but the adjective
pseudonymous was recorded more than a century earlier, in Edward Phillips’s 1706 dictionary New World of Words.
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What is a pseudonym?
A pseudonym is a false or fictitious name,
especially one used by an author.
When an author uses a pseudonym,
it can also be called a pen name or a nom de plume.
There are many reasons an author may choose
to use a pseudonym instead of their own name,
such as to avoid controversy or to create a persona.
Many women authors throughout history have used a male or gender-neutral pseudonym to get their work published due to bias against women writers.
A famous example is Mary Ann Evans, who used the pseudonym George Eliot.
The word pseudonym can refer to a fake
or false name used by anyone, not just writers.
It’s typically used so a person can remain anonymous.
In legal proceedings, the pseudonyms John Doe, Jane Doe, Richard Roe, and Jane Roe are used in
when a person’s name is being kept anonymous.
Such names can also be called anonyms.
Example: A lot of people use pseudonyms when posting controversial opinions online.
Where does pseudonym come from?
The first records of the word pseudonym come from the 1800s.
It comes from the Greek pseudṓnymon, meaning “false name.”
The prefix pseudo- means “false,” and -onym means “name”
(it can also mean “word,” and is used in words like synonym and acronym). The adjective pseudonymous is recorded earlier, in the early 1700s.
The pseudonyms of actors and entertainers are often called stage names
(Cary Grant’s real name was Archibald Leach;
Lady Gaga’s real name is Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta).
For writers, they’re often called pen names or noms de plume.
Some famous ones are George Orwell (real name Eric Arthur Blair), Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), and Evelyn Waugh (real name Arthur St. John).
Authors use pseudonyms for many reasons.
Sometimes, a famous author uses a pseudonym to publish a work in a genre that’s different from the one they’re known for,
like when Agatha Christie published non-mystery novels as Mary Westmacott.
Or just to write more books, like Stephen King did with the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
Sometimes, the fake name is intended to create a persona,
such as Diedrich Knickerbocker (real name Washington Irving),
Dr. Suess (real name Theodor Geisel),
or Lemony Snicket (real name Daniel Handler).
Mark Twain, the famous pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is said to come from the phrase that riverboat captains would shout out when the boat was in two fathoms of water.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Did You Know?
Pseudonym, has its origins in the Greek word pseudōnymos,
which means "bearing a false name." Greek speakers formed their word by combining pseud-, meaning "false," and onyma, meaning "name."
French speakers adopted the Greek word as pseudonyme, and English speakers later modified the French word into pseudonym.
Many celebrated authors have used pseudonyms.
Samuel Clemens wrote under the pseudonym "Mark Twain,"
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson assumed the pseudonym "Lewis Carroll,"
and Mary Ann Evans used "George Eliot" as her pseudonym
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
'Pseudonym'
Pseudonym had a banner week, after it was discovered that Mitt Romney had been employing one of these on social media.
Mitt Romney Bravely Criticizes Trump on Twitter
Using the Pseudonym ‘Pierre Delecto’
— (headline) Rolling Stone, 21 Oct. 2019
Pseudonym began being used in the early 19th century, and may be traced back to the Greek pseudōnymos (“bearing a false name”), although we likely based our word on the French pseudonyme.
The word for “the use of a pseudonym” is pseudonymity, and pseudonymous is the word for “bearing or using a fictitious name.”
English has a good number of words which are synonymous, or nearly so, to pseudonym.
If describing a thespian, stage name (“a name used by an actor instead of the actor's real name”) might be more appropriate.
We have a brace of terms from the French, nom de guerre (literally, “war name”) and nom de plume (“pen name, pseudonym”); the latter of these is, while French in form, thought to have been coined in English.
Another word for pseudonym, particularlywhen referring to a writer, is pen name.
And among the more recent words in this vein is sock puppet (“a false online identity used for deceptive purposes”).
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Nom de plume & pseudonym & pen name
These terms mean
“a name used by an author instead of his real name”:
The nom de plume (or pseudonym or pen name) of William Sidney Porter was O, Henry.
Pen name is a literal translation of the French nom de plume;
pseudonym is a Greek word for a fictitious name to conceal identity.
Nom de plume and pen name are usually
restricted to the name of writers,
whereas pseudonym can refer to a name assumed by anyone.
