2020-11-14
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N - noisome & noxious & obnoxious
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง noisome = ‘NOI-suhm’
ออกเสียง noxious = ‘NOK-shuhs’
ออกเสียง obnoxious = ‘uhb-NOK-shuhs’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
noisome
offensive or disgusting, as an odor; harmful; noxious; stinking: noisome factory emissions
Not to be confused with:
noisy – loud, harsh, or confused sounds; clamorous; tumultuous; vociferous: noisy football fans.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
noi′some·ly adv.
noi′some·ness n.
Usage Note:
People sometimes assume that noisome means"noisy,"
because the two words sound similar. But in our 2011 survey, 89% of the Usage Panel found the sentence
We could barely hear each other with the noisome helicopter overhead
to be unacceptable.
If you use noisome as a synonym for noisy,
there's a good chance that others will misinterpretyour words
and think you're describing someone or something
as being offensive or harmful.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for noisome
MALODOROUS, STINKING, FETID, NOISOME, PUTRID, RANK, FUSTY, MUSTY mean bad-smelling.
MALODOROUS may range from the unpleasant to the strongly offensive. malodorous fertilizers
STINKING and FETID suggest the foul or disgusting. prisoners were held in stinking cells the fetid odor of skunk cabbage
NOISOME adds a suggestion of being harmful or unwholesome as well as offensive. a stagnant, noisome sewer
PUTRID implies particularly the sickening odor of decaying organic matter. the putrid smell of rotting fish
RANK suggests a strong unpleasant smell. rank cigar smoke
FUSTY and MUSTY suggest lack of fresh air and sunlight, FUSTY also implying prolonged uncleanliness, MUSTY stressing the effects of dampness, mildew, or age. a fusty attic
the musty odor of a damp cellar
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for noxious
PERNICIOUS, BANEFUL, NOXIOUS, DELETERIOUS, DETRIMENTAL
mean exceedingly harmful.
PERNICIOUS implies irreparable harm done through evil or insidious corrupting or undermining. the claim that pornography has a pernicious effect on society
BANEFUL implies injury through poisoning or destroying.
the baneful notion that discipline destroys creativity
NOXIOUS applies to what is both offensive and injurious to the health of a body or mind. noxious chemical fumes
DELETERIOUS applies to what has an often unsuspected harmful effect. a diet found to have deleterious effects
DETRIMENTAL implies obvious harmfulness to something specified. the detrimental effects of excessive drinking
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History and Etymology for noxious
Middle English noxius, borrowed from Latin noxius "guilty, delinquent, harmful, injurious" (derivative of noxa "injurious behavior, harm, mischief") + -us -OUS; noxa derivative (perhaps with -s- as a desiderative suffix) from the base of nocēre "to damage (things), injure, harm (persons),"
going back to Indo-European *noḱ-éi̯e- "destroy" (with semantic weakening in Latin), whence also Sanskrit nāśáyati "(s/he) destroys," causative derivatives from a verbal base *neḱ- "disappear, pass out of existence, perish," whence, with varying ablaut grades, Sanskrit náśyati "(s/he) is lost, perishes," Avestan nąsat̰ "has gone away, is lost," Tocharian B näk- "destroy," (in middle voice) "disappear, be destroyed"
History and Etymology for obnoxious
Latin obnoxius "under obligation, subservient, liable, exposed to, vulnerable" (of uncertain origin) + -OUS
NOTE: Latin obnoxius has traditionally been taken to be a parasynthetic derivative from the phrase ob noxiam "due to wrongdoing, on account of bad behavior" (see NOXIOUS), but this explanation does not account for the primary senses of the word. Ernout and Meillet (Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine) take -noxius as a desiderative derivative from the base of nancīscī "to acquire" (see ENOUGH entry 1), parallel to anxius "worried"/angere "to strangle, distress" (see ANXIOUS), alsius "liable to injury from cold"/algēre "to be cold."
The English sense "objectionable" is probably due to influence of NOXIOUS and its etymon, Latin noxius.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
Complaining About 'Obnoxious'
The word, not the behavior
What to Know
Today obnoxious is commonly understood to mean "objectionable,"
but originally it meant "exposed to danger or harm."
There are many examples from the 19th and early 20th century of people complaining over the changing meaning of this word, but its new sense is now fully established.
The meaning we commonly find today has been in use since the 17th century and complained about since the 19th.
The assertion that nothing in this life is certainbut death and taxes is not a new one; it’s been bandied about since at least 1716, when it appeared in Christopher Bullock’s play, The cobler of Preston (“'tis impossible to be sure of any thing but Death and Taxes”).
It is a fine idiom, although one that invites additions; were we to elaborate on things that are certain in life it would be to add ‘people complaining about the changing meaning of words.’
In almost every newspaper and American journal that I take up for perusal,
I am annoyed by the flagitious abuse of our mother-tongue. Your own interesting journal is not an exception, In a late article, from the pen of Mr. Willis, I observed he made use of the word obnoxious for noxious or offensive.
— (letter to the editor), The New York Mirror, 16 Jan. 1836
We may no longer be using phrases such as ‘annoyed by the flagitious abuse of our mother-tongue,’ and we are no longer complaining about the misuse of this particular word, but the general tone and content of the letter are familiar enough. Looking back, from our position today of hearing people complain about literally, like, and irregardless, the choice of offending vocabulary may seem strange; did people really complain about obnoxious? Of course they did.
The word first came into English in the middle of the 16th century, and in its earliest application most often meant “exposed to something unpleasant or harmful.”
So that by the assertions of the Heathen it maye appeare that the office of a King is no paynelesse Province, but altogether obnoxious to the travailes of bodye, and the troubles of mind.
— Anthony Rush, A president for a prince, 1566
…but that it was but one onely sinne, and that the same was in Adam, wherby we are obnoxious and bound unto death and damnation.
— Pietro Martire Vermigli, Most learned and fruitfull commentaries of D. Peter Martir Vermilius Florentine, 1568
For the first few centuries of use this was the most common meaning of obnoxious (although there were other meanings, such as “subject to the authority or power of another”). The meaning commonly found today, “odiously or disgustingly objectionable,” has been in use since the 17th century, but became more common in the 19th; it was common enough then that people began questioning its use. An 1848 article in the Louisville Morning Courier inserted an editorial bravo after quoting someone who had managed to use the word in the ‘exposing to danger’ sense.
”H.K. Lucas is a violent Whig of the Clay school … He is obnoxious [!!!] to the Democratic party in that community” … (we had to express our superlative admiration of the appropriateness of the word “obnoxious!”)
— Louisville Morning Courier (Louisville, KY), 6 May 1848
In the beginning of the 20th century there were still some holdouts who felt that using obnoxious to mean ‘objectionable’ was unseemly. Ambrose Bierce had an entry for the word in his highly opinionated early-20th century usage guide, Write it Right:
Obnoxious for Offensive. Obnoxious means exposed to evil. A soldier in battle is obnoxious to danger.
— Ambrose Bierce, Write it Right; A Little Blacklist of Literary Faults, 1909
The ‘highly offensive’ meaning of obnoxious is now so firmly established that one would be looked at askance for attempting to use it in its original sense. We are sorry to disappoint any of you who were looking forward to the opportunity of writing an angry letter about this word, but given the ever-changing nature of our language there will always be new words with new meanings about which you can wax disputatious.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
'Toxic' or 'Noxious'?
They mean similar things, but one denotes greaterharm
31 Aug 2017
Toxic and noxious were among our top lookups on August 31st, following the appearance of both words in a video posted online. In the video a bevy of reporters are heard querying an executive from a chemical company which had a fire as a result of flooding from hurricane Harvey, and are attempting to get him to commit to whether the smoke from the fire is toxic or not. He seems more interested in referring to the smoke as noxious than as toxic.
We provide four distinct senses for meanings of toxic:
1. containing or being poisonous material especially when capable of causing death or serious debilitation
2. exhibiting symptoms of infection or toxicosis
3. extremely harsh, malicious, or harmful
4. relating to or being an asset that has lost so much value that it cannot be sold on the market
Toxic and noxious mean very similar things,
but toxic has a connotation of severeharm or lethality more than noxious does.
The reporters in the video are clearly asking whether the smoke from the fire is toxic in the sense of our first definition provided above, and the spokesman for the chemical company is apparently choosing the word which carries a less dramatic implication of harm.
Obnoxious and noxious share a Latin root, noxa ("harm").
The earliest meaning of obnoxious was "exposed to something harmful."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Did You Know?
Noisome sounds like it might be a synonym of noisy, but it's not. Something noisome is disgusting, offensive, or harmful,
often in its smell.
Noisome does not come from "noise," but from the Middle English word noysome, which has the same meaning as noisome.
The noy of noisome means "annoyance," and comes from Anglo-French anui, which also means "annoyance."
(As you may have already guessed,
the English words annoy and annoyance are also related to noisome.)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Noisome
Definition - offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell
Due to the fact that noisome looks quite similar to noisy
(and both words tend to be used to describe unpleasant things)
many people assume that the words are synonyms.
This is, we regret to inform you, not the case.
Noisome does have other meanings inaddition to "stinky,"
but they lean toward "obnoxious" and "annoying" more than "loud."
Noisome may be traced back to the Anglo-French word anui ("annoyance"), and so is etymologically more related to annoy than it is to noise.
For the Vapours you speak of that fill the City, I know none so noysome as those that arise out of the bog of Mr Goodwins brain, viz. the Vapours of Heresies and ungodly opinions.
— A Diligent Observer of the Said Disputation, Moro-mastix: Mr John Goodwin Whipt with His Own Rod, 1647
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
noisome & noxious & obnoxious
Noisome is not related to noise,
but, by derivation, is connected with annoy.
It means “offensive,” “destructive,” “disgusting,” and “harmful”:
“The odor of carbon monoxide is noisome.”
“Catarrh is an especially noisome affliction.”
Noxious and obnoxious come from the same Latin root meaning “harmful,” “hurtful,” ‘injurious” and retain similar meaning:
“The mists rising from the swamp are noxious.”
“The smells from the biology laboratory are obnoxious today.”
Obnoxious rather than noxious or noisome
is preferred to refer to objectionable behavior or acts:
“He was asked to leave the party because of his obnoxious manner.”
Related words include detrimental, unwholesome, corruptive, deleterious, rotten, and odious.
