2020-11-13
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N - No & not & none
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง No = ‘NOH’
ออกเสียง not = ‘NOT’
ออกเสียง none = ‘NUHN’
Dictionary.com
Oh, No! How to say “No” To Mom And Other Family Members
Having trouble saying no
to mom and other loved ones?
Are you one of those people
who finds it harder to say no
to friends and family than your employer?
If you are, you may be looking for a few tips
on how to say no without damaging important relationships.
After all, your boss is probably less likely to take your refusal personally.
The key to saying no to someone in your social circle
is to cushion the rejection with words
that express how much you value the offer.
(And you do value that invitation to the retro roller-skating hour, right?)
Turning down an invite
Turning down an invite for mandatory fun at the office
can be handled with a variety of phrases that emphasizethe no
while sounding professional.
One example is the phrase
No, that’s not going to be possible.
Using the words not and possible together
can emphasize your no while avoidingusing the taboo, impossible.
However, your friends would probably feel a little hurt
if you respond to their invitation with acold No,
that’s not going to be possible
or I’ll have to pass.
So, here are some other options.
“Bummer, I can’t …”
Instead, try softening your no by letting them know
that you’re disappointed you cannot make it.
Try adding a casual oh bummer, oh no, or dang to your response:
“Can you come to my birthday party?”
“Dang, I don’t feel very comfortable going to social gatherings right now because of the social distancing guidelines.”
These more casual phrases can let your friends know
that you are probably just as sad as they are.
A well-placed bummer, which in this context means “a disappointment, drag, or downer,” can express those sentiments succinctly and thoroughly, without the coldness or formality of using a word like regrettably.
Having trouble saying no to mom and other loved ones?
Are you one of those people who finds it harder to say no to friends and family than your employer?
If you are, you may be looking for a few tips
on how to say no without damaging important relationships.
After all, your boss is probably less likely to take your refusal personally.
The key to saying no to someone in your social circle
is to cushion the rejection with words that express how much you value the offer.
(And you do value that invitation to the retro roller-skating hour, right?)
Turning down an invite
Turning down an invite for mandatory fun at the office
can be handled with a variety of phrases that emphasize the no
while sounding professional.
One example is the phrase
No, that’s not going to be possible.
Using the words not and possible together can emphasize your no
while avoiding using the taboo, impossible.
However, your friends would probably feel a littlehurt
if you respond to their invitation with a cold No,
that’s not going to be possible or I’ll have to pass.
So, here are some other options.
“Bummer, I can’t …”
Instead, try softening your no by letting them know that you’re disappointed you cannot make it.
Try adding a casual oh bummer, oh no, or dang to your response:
“Can you come to my birthday party?”
“Dang, I don’t feel very comfortable going to social gatherings right now because of the social distancing guidelines.”
These more casual phrases can let your friends know that you are probably just as sad as they are.
A well-placed bummer, which in this context means “a disappointment, drag, or downer,” can express those sentiments succinctly and thoroughly, without the coldness or formality of using a word like regrettably.
Dictionary.com
How To Say “No” With Words That Will Make Coworkers Listen
No, nay, nix … there are many ways to say no,
but how can you say it so people actually listen?
In today’s society,
the word no is often viewed as a starting point for negotiating.
That can be frustrating, if not dangerous, for many people.
It can be especially hard for those who struggle to say the word in the first place, either out of a sense of obligation (like with family)
or fear (like with your boss).
Fortunately, there are some easy ways to make no sound like the final word on the subject … at least in the workplace.
Respectfully, no
If you have ever had a boss ask you to do something you did not want to, you may be familiar with the struggle to finda way to say no without putting your job in jeopardy.
To make sure your no is heardloud and clear,
but also making sure you don’t sound like any less of a “team player,”
try using one of these combinations:
“No, that’s not going to be possible.”
Using the words not and possible together
can emphasize your no while avoiding
using the workplace taboo, impossible.
Not possible and impossible are different sides of the same coin.
Possible means “that which can be, exist, happen or be done,” and impossible means“that which is unable to be, exist, or be done.” However, the word impossible is used more often than the phrase not possible.
Dictionary.com
GRAMMAR NOTES FOR NONE
Since none has the meanings “not one” and “not any,”
some insist that it always be treated as a singular
and be followed by a singular verb:
The rescue party searched for survivors, but none was found.
However, none has been used with both singular and plural verbs since the 9th century. When the sense is “not any persons or things” (as in the example above), the plural is more common: … none were found. Only when none is clearly intended to mean “not one” or “not any” is it followed by a singular verb:
Of all my articles, none has received more acclaim than my latest one.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
no
1. used as a reply
No can be a negative reply.
'Is he down there already?' – 'No, he's not there.'
'Did you come alone?' – 'No. John's here with me.'
No is a negative reply to negative questions.
For example,
if you are Spanish and someone says to you 'You aren't Italian, are you?', you say 'No'. Don't say 'Yes'.
'You don't like pasta, do you?' – 'No'.
'It won't take you more than ten minutes, will it?' – 'No'.
2. 'not any'
No is used in front of nouns to mean 'not any'.
For example, instead of saying 'She doesn't have any friends',
you can say 'She has no friends'.
I have no complaints.
My children are hungry. We have no food.
3. used with comparatives
No is used in front of comparative adjectives instead of 'not'.
For example, instead of saying 'She isn't taller than her sister',
you say 'She is no taller than her sister'.
The woman was no older than Kate.
We collected shells that were no bigger than a fingernail.
However, don't use 'no' and a comparative in front of a noun.
Don't say, for example, 'a no older woman' or 'a no bigger shell'.
4. used with 'different'
No is used in front of different instead of 'not'.
The local people say Kilkenny is no different from other towns.
5. 'not allowed'
No is often used on notices to tell you that something is not allowed.
No is followed by an -ing form or a noun.
No smoking.
No entry.
No vehicles beyond this point.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Not is used with verbs to form negative sentences.
1. position of 'not'
You put not after the first auxiliary verb or modal,
if there is one.
They are not seen as major problems.
They might not even notice.
Adrina realised that she had not been listening to him.
If there is no other auxiliary verb, you use do asthe auxiliary verb. After not you use the base form of a verb.
The girl did not answer.
He does not speak English very well.
In conversation, when not is usedafter be, have, do, or a modal,
it is not usually pronounced in full.
When you write down what someone says,
you usually represent not as n't and add it to the verb in front of it.
In some cases, the verb also changes its form.
You nearly always use an auxiliary verb when you want to make a negative form of a verb using not.
Don't say, for example, 'I not liked it' or 'I liked not it'.
You say 'I didn't like it'.
There are two exceptions to this.
When you use not with be, don't usean auxiliary verb.
You simply put not after be.
I'm not sure about this.
The program was not a success.
When have is a main verb, not is sometimes added
without an auxiliary verb,
but only in the short forms hasn't, haven't, and hadn't.
You haven't any choice.
The sky hadn't a cloud in it.
However, it is more common to use the forms doesn't have, don't have, and didn't have.
This question doesn't have a proper answer.
We don't have any direct control of the prices.
I didn't have a cheque book.
Be Careful!
When you use not to make what you are saying negative,
you don't usually use another negative word such as 'nothing', 'never', or 'none'.
Don't say, for example, 'I don't know nothing about it'.
You say 'I don't know anything about it'.
2. 'not really'
You can make a negative statement more polite or less strong by using really after not.
It doesn't really matter.
I don't really want to be part of it.
You can reply to some questions by saying 'Not really'.
3. 'not very'
When you make a negative statement using not and an adjective,
you can make the statement less strong by putting very in front of the adjective.
I'm not very interested in the subject.
That's not a very good arrangement.
Be Careful!
Although you can say that something is not very good,
don't use 'not' in front of other words meaning 'very good'.
Don't say, for example, that something is 'not excellent' or 'not marvellous'.
4. used with to-infinitives
You can use not with a to-infinitive.
You put not in front of to, not after it.
The Prime Minister has asked us not to discuss the issue publicly any more.
I decided not to go in.
5. 'not' in contrasts
You can use not to link two words or expressions.
You do this to point out that something is the case, and to contrast it with what is not the case.
So they went by plane, not by car.
He is now an adult, not a child.
You can make a similar contrast by changing the order of the words or expressions.
When you do this, you put not in front ofthe first word or expression and but in front of the second one.
This story is not about the past, but about the future.
He was caught, not by the police, but by a man who recognised him.
6. used with sentence adverbs
You can use not with surprisingly and unexpectedly to make a negative comment about a statement.
Laura, not surprisingly, disliked discussing the subject.
The great man had died, not unexpectedly and very quietly, in the night.
7. 'not all'
Not is sometimes used with all and with words beginning with every-
to form the subject of a sentence.
For example, instead of saying 'Some snakes are not poisonous', you can say 'Not all snakes are poisonous'.
Not all the houses have central heating.
Not everyone agrees with me.
8. 'not only'
Not only is often used with but or but also to link two words or phrases.
See not only
9. 'not' in short replies
You can use not at the end of a short reply in order to give your opinion. For example, you can say 'I hope not', 'Probably not', or 'Certainly not'.
'Will it happen again?' – 'I hope not.'
'I hope she won't die.' – 'Die? Certainly not!'
Collins COBUILD English Usage
none
1. 'none of'
You use none of in front of a plural noun phrase to make a negative statement about all the things or people in a particular group.
None of these suggestions is very helpful.
None of the others looked at her.
You use none of in front of a noun phrase containing an uncountable noun to make a negative statement aboutevery part of something.
None of the furniture was out of place.
You can use none of in front of a singular or plural pronoun.
None of this seems to have affected him.
We had none of these at home.
Don't use 'we' or 'they' after none of.
Instead you use us or them.
None of us had written our reports.
None of them had learned anything that day.
When you use none of in front of a plural noun or pronoun,
you can use either a plural or singular form of a verb after it.
The singular form is more formal.
None of his books have been published in England.
None of them is real.
When you use none of in front of an uncountable noun or a singular pronoun, you use a singular form of a verb after it.
None of the wheat was ruined.
Yet none of this has seriously affected business.
2. used as a pronoun
None can be used on its own as a pronoun.
There were none left.
He asked for some proof. I told him that I had none.
Be Careful!
You don't usually use any other negative word after none of or none.
Don't say, for example, 'None of them weren't ready'.
Say 'None of them were ready'.
Similarly, don't use 'none of' or 'none' as the object of a sentence that already has a negative word in it.
Don't say, for example, 'I didn't want none of them'.
Say 'I didn't want any of them'.
You only use none of or none to talk about a group of three or more things or people.
If you want to talk about two things or people, you use neither of or neither.
See neither
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
usage.:
Although a traditional rule of usage has been that
none must always be treated as singular,
this pronoun has been used with both singular and plural verbs
since the 9th century. When the sense is “not any persons or things,”
the plural is more common:
The rescue party searched for survivors, but none were found.
When none is clearly intended to mean “not one” or “not any,”
it is followed by a singular verb:
Of all my court cases, none has been stranger than yours.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
The positioning of not and other negatives in a sentence
is important to avoid ambiguity.
The sentence
All classes are not open to enrollment could be taken to mean
either "All classes are closed to enrollment"
or "Not all classes are open to enrollment."
Similarly,
the sentence Kim didn't sleep until noon could mean either
"Kim went to sleep at noon" or "Kim got up before noon."
Not only and but also are usually classified as correlative conjunctions. They add emphasisto each part of the construction and suggest that the second part is particularly unexpected or surprising.
As with both ... and andother correlatives, parallelism requires that each conjunction be followed by a construction of the same grammatical type. Thus, She not only bought a new car but also a new lawnmower
displays faulty parallelism,
where She bought not only a new car but also a new lawnmower does not, because both not only and but also are followed by noun phrases.
See Usage Note at only.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Usage Note:
It is widely asserted that none is equivalent to no one,
and hence requires a singular verb and singular pronoun:
None of the prisoners was given his soup.
It is true that none is etymologically derived from the Old English word ān, "one," but the word has been used as both a singular and a plural since the ninth century. The plural usage appears in the King James Bible ("All the drinking vessels of king Solomon were of gold ... none were of silver") as well as the works of canonical writers like Shakespeare, John Dryden, and Edmund Burke. It is widespread in the works of respectable writers today. Of course, the singular usage is perfectly acceptable. Choosing between singular or plural is thus more of a stylistic matter than a grammatical one. Both options are acceptable in this sentence:
None of the conspirators has (or have) been brought to trial.
When none is modified by almost, however, it is difficult to avoid treating the word as a plural:
Almost none of the officials were (not was) interviewed by the committee. None is most often treated as plural in its use in sentences
such as None but his most loyal supporters believe (not believes) his story.
See Usage Notes at every, neither, nothing.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
No & not & none
The phrase,
“No sooner had Paula stopped petting the cat whenit began to yowl” should be instead
“No sooner had Paula stopped petting the cat thanit began to yowl.
“Nonplussed” means to be stuck,
often in a puzzling or embarrassing way,
unable to go further (“non = “no” + “plus” = “further”).
It does not mean, as many people seem to think, “calm, in control.”
“No one” is always two separate words,
unlike “anyone” and “someone.”
The slangy phrase “not all that”
as in “the dessert was not all that tasty”
doesn’t belong in formal writing.
“Not hardly” is slang, fine when you want to be casual
—but in a formal document? Not hardly!
