2020-11-13
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N - Negro & black
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Negro = ‘NEE-groh’
ออกเสียง black = ‘BLAK’
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF NEGRO
When Negro first appears in print in English in the mid-16th century,
the word was nearly always capitalized. The spelling “negro” (uncapitalized) first appears toward the end of the 18th century, and the uncapitalized form remained standard until the 20th century.
Three very important recommendations for the capitalized form come from:
1) W.E.B. Du Bois, “I shall throughout this study use the term ‘Negro’, to designate all persons of Negro descent, although the appellation is to some extent illogical. I shall, moreover, capitalize the word, because I believe that eight million Americans are entitled to a capital letter.”
(The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1899, Chapter I).
2) Harper's Weekly (2 June 1906), “Professor Booker T. Washington, being politely interrogated...as to whether negroes ought to be called ‘negroes’ or ‘members of the colored race’ has replied that it has long been his own practice to write and speak of members of his race as negroes, and when using the term ‘negro’ as a race designation, to employ the capital ‘N’.”
3) The New York Times (7 March 1930), “‘Negro’ is now added to the list of words to be capitalized. It is not merely a typographical change; it is an act in recognition of racial self-respect.”
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR BLACK
Black may be capitalized when used in reference to people,
as a sign of respect.
The case for capitalizing the initial letter ( Black ) is further supported by the fact that the names of many other ethnic groups and nationalities use initial capital letters, e.g., Hispanic.
Black as an adjective referring to a person or people is unlikely to cause negative reactions.
As a noun, however, it does often offend.
The use of the plural noun without an article is somewhat more accepted (home ownership among Blacks );
however, the plural noun with an article is more likely to offend (political issues affecting the Blacks ), and the singular noun is especially likely to offend (The small business proprietor is a Black ).
Use the adjective instead: Black homeowners, Black voters, a Black business proprietor.
In the United States, there is a complex social historyfor words that name or describe the dark-skinned peoples of sub-Saharan Africa and their descendants. A term that was once acceptable may now be offensive, and one that was once offensive may now beacceptable.
Colored, for example, first used in colonial North America, was an appropriate referential term until the 1920s, when it was supplanted by Negro. Now colored is perceived not only as old-fashioned but offensive. It survives primarily in the name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an organization formed when the word was not considered derogatory. Describing someone as a person of color, however, is not usuallyoffensive. That term, an inclusive one that can refer to anyone whois not white, is frequently used by members of the Black community.
Using “of color” can emphasize commonalities in nonwhite lives.
However, when referring to a group of people who are all Black,
it is more appropriate to be specific.
Failure to explicitly reference blackness when it is exclusively appropriate, generalizing “Black” to “of color,” can be a form of erasure.
Negro remained the overwhelming term of choice until the mid-1960s. That decade saw a burgeoning civil rights movement, which furthered a sense that Negro was contaminated byits long association with discrimination as well as its closeness to the disparaging and deeply offensive N-word.
The emergence of the Black Power movement
fostered the emergence of Black as a primary descriptive term, as in “Black pride.”
By the mid-1970s Black had become common
within and outside the Black community.
But Negro has not entirely disappeared. It remains in the names of such organizations as the United Negro College Fund, people still refer to Negro spirituals, and some older Black people continue to identify with the term they have known since childhood.
So, Negro, while not offensive in established or historical contexts, is now looked upon in contemporary speech and writing as not only antiquated but highly likely to offend.
During the 1980s, many Americans sought to displaypride in their immigrant origins.
Linguistically, this brought about a brief period of short-form hyphenated designations, like Italo-Americans and Greco-Americans.
The Black community also embraced the existing term Afro-American, a label that emphasized geographical or ethnic heritage over skin color.
The related label, African American, also saw an increase in use among activists in the 1970s and 1980s. African American was even more widely adopted in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s after high-profile Black leaders advocated for it, arguing, as Jesse Jackson did, that the term brought “proper historical context” and had “cultural integrity.”
While African American has not completely replaced Black in common parlance, it works both as a noun and as an adjective.
This shifting from term to term has not beensmooth or linear, and periods of change like the late 1960s were often marked by confusion as to which term was appropriate.
The 1967 groundbreaking film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, about a young interracial couple hoping that both sets of parents will accept their plans to marry, reflects the abundance of terminological choices available at the time. Various characters talk of a “colored girl,” a “colored man,” a “Negro,” and “Black people.”
The N-word appears once, used disparagingly by one Black character to another. African American had not yet made it into the mix.
American Heritage Dictionary
USAGE NOTE:
Black is often capitalized in its use to denotepersons,
though the lowercased form black
is still widely used by authors of all races:
“Together, blacks and whites can move our country beyond racism” (Whitney Moore Young, Jr.).
Use of the capitalized form
has the advantage-nessof acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,
such as Italian and Sioux.
It can be argued that black is different from these other terms
because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.
However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives
used to denote specific groups,
as in the Reds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War)
or the Greens (the European political party).
The capitalization of Black does raise ancillary problemsfor the treatment of the term white.
Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to
require the use of the uppercase form White,
but this form might be taken to imply that
whites constitute a single ethnic group, an issue that is certainly debatable.
On the other hand, the use of the lowercase form white in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously
raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.
There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.
In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling of white has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black.
See Usage Note at color.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
black′ish, adj.
usage:
have all been used to describe or name the dark-skinned African peoples or their descendants.
Colored, now somewhat old-fashioned, is usu. offensive.
It is still used, however, in the title of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
The term colored is also used among blacks
to refer to another black who acts as if he or she were superior.
In the late 1950s black began toreplace Negro and is still widely used and accepted, whereas Negro is not.
Common as both adjective and noun, black is usu. not capitalized except in proper names or titles (Black Muslim; Black English).
However, members of the African-American community have expressed a strong preference for use of capital “B” for both the noun and the adjective, to parallel the names of other ethnic groups.
African-American, urged by leaders in the American black community,
is now widely used in both print and speech,
esp. as a term of self-reference.
Afro-American is accepted but less widely used, mostly as an adjective.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Negro & black
A negro is a member of the Negroid ethnic division
of the human species.
(Negroid is a term in anthropology applying to people who have black or brown pigmentation.)
Negro always spelled with capital letter, is pluralized Negroes.
Negro is a reputable term with scientificbacking,
but many people prefer the word black,
perhaps for the same reason that white is usually preferred for Caucasian. In the United States, the term Afro-Americanis increasingly popular.
Terms such as Negress, Nigra, nigger, darky, andspade
are offensive, contemptuous, evasive, and condescending words understandably resented by
all blacks.
