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Leisure is believed to be an important part of life at any age (Hendry, Shucksmith, Love, & Glendining, 1993), but specific hypotheses should be developed for the purpose of empirical investigation (Ajzen, 1991). Main activities throughout the life cycle may be divided into three periods; education (aged before 25), work (aged 25 to 65), and leisure (aged 65 and over) (Leitner & Leitner, 2004a).
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">Leitner and Leitner (2004b) explained that play experiences are the first leisure experience related to childhood (e.g., motor skills from birth to 3 years of age, social skills from 3 to 5 years of age, physical-mental-emotion developing from 5 to 12 years of age). Choices between positive and negative activities in leisure time are a critically important aspect of behavioural development in the adolescent period. Gender and social development are basic factors in shaping the personality and lifestyle of adolescence (12-18 years) transforming to early adulthood (18-30 years) (Hendry et al., 1993). Leisure activity provides physical, mental, and social benefits during this time (Leitner & Leitner, 2004a). </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">In later life, change and the aging process impacts on leisure. In later life disengagement from the major roles of adulthood can be an opportunity to engage in other things (e.g., retirement and later life satisfaction, socialization) (Roberts, 1999). Maintaining leisure participation in adulthood (25-64 years), however, may impact on well-being in later life, but less research has been undertaken during adult years (Leitner & Leitner, 2004a). There are a few studies which examine leisure time by age and gender. Talbot, Metter & Fleg (2000) measured time spent in physical leisure activities in healthy Americans, 619 men (mean age 52.1+16.7) and 419 women (mean age 49.4+16.3). This study reported 97 activities and grouped them into 9 major categories for descriptive analysis, including exercise, gardening, aerobic activities, sports, home repair, leisure activities, home activities, walking, and sedentary activities. Chi-square tests indicated the lower participation rates in high-intensity physical activities with age in both genders. The percent participation in high-intensity physical activities in the youngest group (18-29 years) was 93.4% for men and 82.4% for women, whereas in the oldest group (80-89 years) it was 43.8% for men and 47.4% for women. The middle group (30-79 years) showed lower participation than the youngest group (53.1% and 47.4% for men and women). Unpaired t-tests indicated no gender difference (p = 0.793) in percent of participation in physical leisure activities, which accounted 52.8% for men and 50.6% for women. </p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">Aging has an effect on leisure participation as shown in the ABS (1993). This research examined time spent on social, active, and passive leisure by 7 age groups (15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and 75 over). Leisure time by these groups include 366, 308, 285, 306, 364, 452, and 468 minutes per day, respectively, demonstrating that leisure time decreased from the age of 25 to 55 years, and increased at the age of 55 years onward. However, people at the age of 55-64 spent less time in leisure activity than people at the age of 15-24 and of 65 and over. People aged more than 65 were more likely to have poor physical and/or mental health (Savage, Bailey, & O'Connell, 2003), and were more likely to spend time in passive leisure than people in the other age groups. </p>
