2022-04-22
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – gender & sex
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Ref.: http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/598367 and 683241
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “Gender” = ‘JEN-der’
ออกเสียง “Sex” = ‘SEKS’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
gender & sex
Gender is a grammatical term
indicating (in the English language)
whether nouns and pronouns are classed
as masculine, feminine, or neuter.
The number ofgenders in languages
other than English varies from two to more than twenty:
in some language, gender disregards sex entirely.
For example,
a sexless (neuter) article, the noun pen, is,
in French, feminine (la plume).
In Old English,
the word forwife was considered neuter
and woman was masculine.
Gender can never be substituted for sex.
Sex, a word of many meanings, and applications,
applies specifically to the fact or character
of being male or female (See FEMALE).
Thus we say that Bill is a proper noun in masculine gender
and that Bill is a member of the malesex.
Substitute sex forgender in this statement:
“Students in this school are classified
on the basis of age, gender, and previous training.”
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR GENDER
Although it is possible to define gender as “sex,”
indicating that the term can be used
when differentiating male creatures from female ones biologically,
the concept of gender,
a word primarily applied to human beings,
has additional connotations
—more rich and more amorphous
—having to do with general behavior, social interactions,
and most importantly, one's fundamental sense of self.
Until recently, most people assumed that
acknowledging one's gender, or sex, was easy.
You just checked the appropriate box on a standard form,
choosing either “male” or “female,”
according to the gender you had been assigned at birth
based on visible anatomical evidence.
But some people's internal sense of who they are
does not correspond with their assigned gender.
And in fact, we now recognize that a complex spectrum
between male and female exists
not only mentally, psychologically, and behaviorally,
but also anatomically;
there have always been intersex people.
The conflation of gender with sex, though historically common,
is now often criticized because it is seen by some
to be insensitive or dehumanizing.
Gender identity is complicated.
Some people, perhaps most, do not question their assigned gender.
But others perceive themselves as belonging to the opposite sex.
Still others, some of whom identify themselves as genderqueer
see themselves as neither male nor female,
or perhaps as both, or as rotating between genders,
or even as not belonging to any gender categorization at all.
Those who clearly see themselves as the opposite sex
may or may not want to transition to it in some measure.
Of those who do, some may complete that transition,
but others may be happy to stop partway on a path
that can include dressing and living as the opposite sex,
although the desire to crossdress can exist
quite apart from issues of gender identity.
Somewhere along the transitional path
people may want to change their given names
and adopt linguistic terms of their own choosing,
including a variety of pronouns,
as designations of themselves and others.
Some will have hormone treatments and opt for various kinds of surgery
—perhaps facial, perhaps on their bodies,
perhaps ultimately including sex “reassignment” surgery
(genital reconstruction).
At any point, they may welcome or reject a “transgender” label.
This array of life experiences has resulted in
a veritable explosion of new, or newly adapted, vocabulary.
Particularly striking and useful is the word cis or prefix cis-
as in cis male, cis female, and cisgender,
designating those whose
sense of self matches their assigned gender.
Using cis is a way to refer to these individuals
without implying that “cis” people are the norm
and all others a deviation from “normal.”
It is notable that choices of gender beyond male and female
now appear on social media sites.
Clearly, gender is no longer a simple binary concept.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Are gender and sex the same? Usage Guide
Noun
The words sex and gender havea long and intertwined history.
In the 15th century gender expanded from
its use as a term for a grammatical subclass
to join sex in referring to either of the two
primary biological forms of a species,
a meaning sex has had since the 14th century;
phrases like "the male sex" and "the female gender"
are both grounded in uses
established for more than five centuries.
In the 20th century sex and gender each acquired new uses.
Sex developed its "sexual intercourse" meaning
in the early part of the century (now its more common meaning),
and a few decades later
gender gained a meaning referring to the behavioral, cultural,
or psychological traits typically associated with one sex,
as in "gender roles."
Later in the century,
gender also came to have application
in two closely related compound terms:
gender identity refers to
a person's internal sense of being male, female,
some combination of male and female,
or neither male nor female;
gender expression refers to
the physical and behavioral manifestations
of one's gender identity.
By the end of the century
gender by itself was being used as a synonym of gender identity.
Among those who study gender and sexuality,
a clear delineation between sex and gender is typically prescribed,
with sex as the preferred term for biological forms,
and gender limited to its meanings involving
behavioral, cultural, and psychological traits.
In this dichotomy, the terms male and female
relate only to biological forms (sex),
while the terms
feminine/femininity, woman/girl,
relate only to psychological and sociocultural traits (gender).
This delineation also tends to be observed
in technical and medical contexts,
with the term sex referring to biological forms
in such phrases as sex hormones, sex organs, and biological sex.
But in nonmedical and nontechnical contexts,
there is no clear delineation,
and the status of the words remains complicated.
Often when comparisons explicitly between
male and female people are made,
we see the term gender employed,
with that term dominating in such collocations
as gender differences, gender gap, gender equality,
gender bias, and gender relations.
It is likely that gender is applied in such contexts
because of its psychological and sociocultural meanings,
the word's duality making it dually useful.
The fact remains that it is often applied in such cases
against the prescribed use.
Usage of sex and gender is by no means settled.
For example,
while discrimination was far more often paired with sex
from the 1960s through the 20th century and into the 21st,
the phrase gender discrimination
has been steadily increasing in use since the 1980s
and is on track to become the dominant collocation.
Currently both terms are sometimes
employed with their intended synonymy made explicit:
sex/gender discrimination, gender (sex) discrimination.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
gen′der·less adj
Usage Note:
Some people maintain that the word sex
should be reserved for reference to the biological aspects
of being male or female or to sexual activity,
and that the word gender should be used
only to refer to sociocultural roles.
Accordingly, one would say
The effectiveness of the treatment appears to depend on the sex of the patient
and In society, gender roles are clearly defined.
In some situations,
this distinction avoids ambiguity,
as in gender research, which is clear in a way that sex research is not.
The distinction can be problematic, however.
Linguistically,
there isn't any real difference between gender bias
and sex bias, and it may seem contrived to insist
that sex is incorrect in this instance.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage.:
The use of gender in the sense “sex”
(The author's gender should be irrelevant.) is over 600 years old.
Although some people feel that gender should be
reserved for grammatical category only,
the “sex” sense of gender is now extremely common;
sex itself is becoming increasingly rare
except when referring to copulation.
