2022-04-22 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – goal & jail & prison & penitentiary
2022-04-22
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – goal & jail & prison & penitentiary
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง goal & jail = “JEYL”
ออกเสียง prison = “PRIZ-uhn”
ออกเสียง penitentiary = “pen-i-TEN-shuh-ree”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History Last Updated: 13 Apr 2022
jail
We don't know if Elvis Presley ever acknowledged
his indebtedness to Noah Webster,
but we will note here that "Gaolhouse Rock"
just doesn't look as rock 'n' roll as "Jailhouse Rock."
Webster had fully committed to jail over gaol
from the time of his 1806 dictionary.
His choice had a solid pedigree:
jail comes from Middle English jaiole,
which in turn comes from from Anglo-French gaiole, jaiole.
Collins English Dictionary:
Goal n, vb
Brit a variant spelling of jail
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary:
prison
1. used as a countable noun
A prison is a building where criminals or other people are kept
and are not allowed to leave.
The prison housed almost 500 inmates.
The castle was used as a prison at one time.
2. used as an uncountable noun
Prison is used without an article
when talking about the punishment of going to prison,
without mentioning which particular prison.
For example, you can say that
someone is in prison,
is sent to prison, or
is released from prison.
They were threatened with prison if they did not pay.
It can be hard to find work after coming out of prison.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'the' in front of prison
unless you are referring to a particular prison.
Dictionary.com:
“Jail” vs. “Prison”: Do You Know The Difference?
Published December 1, 2021
The words jail and prison are sometimes used interchangeably,
but they can imply different things.
Commonly held distinctions
relate to the size of the facility and
how long someone is being held there.
In this article, we’ll lay out the differences
between casual and official use of these words,
explain what they often mean in practical terms,
and discuss and define similar terms,
including penitentiary,
detention center, and
correctional facility.
⚡ Quick summary
Although the words jail and prison are often
used interchangeably in casual use,
jail is typically used to refer to smaller, more local facilities,
in which people are incarcerated for short periods of time,
while prison is used to refer to larger facilities
(such as state and federal prisons)
in which people are incarcerated for long periods.
What does jail mean?
A jail is a place for the purpose of imprisoning (holding) someone,
typically someone who has been convicted of a minor offense
or someone who is awaiting trial for the crime
they are accused of having committed
(or someone who is awaiting a transfer to another detention facility).
The word jail implies that the period of incarceration
(imprisonment or confinement) is relatively short,
and that the facility itself is somewhat small
—perhaps only having a handful of cells.
Such facilities are often those
below the level of a state or federal facility,
such as a county jail.
The word jail is also likely to be used
in reference to even smaller facilities,
such asthe cells at a local police station.
The phrase in jail can refer to
being confined in such a place specifically,
but it’s more often used in a general way
to simply indicate that someone is incarcerated,
regardless of what kind of facility they’re being held in,
as in If he’s convicted, he’ll be in jail for at least 10 years.
The word jail is also used to refer to
the consequence of incarceration,
as in If we get caught, it’ll be jail for both of us.
Jail is also used as a verb meaning
to put or hold someone in jail,
as in She was jailed for 10 days while awaiting trial.
What does prison mean?
A prison is also a place where people are incarcerated,
but the word usually implies a large facility
for those serving long-term sentences.
In the US, state and federal facilities are usually called prisons,
as in state prison or federal prison.
The phrase in prison usually specifically indicates
that a person is in such a facility,
as opposed to being generally incarcerated
(as is usually indicated by the phrase in jail).
The verb imprison means
to place or hold someone in prison.
The noun imprisonment refers to
the state of being held in prison
or to the act of imprisoning someone.
What do penitentiary, detention center, and
correctional facility mean?
Places of incarcerationaren’t always called prisons or jails.
State and federal prisons are often called penitentiaries.
The term correctional facility can refer to a prison
and is used in the name of some prisons.
The term detention center is sometimes used in a general way,
but it is also used more specifically to refer to
facilities with functions other than long-term imprisonment,
such as holding immigrants
awaiting deportation hearings
or witnesses before a trial.
What’s the difference between jail and prison?
While the words can overlap,
prison is more likely to be called jail
than jail is to be called prison.
That’s because jail can be used as a more general term,
especially in phrases like going to jail or in jail
(which imply incarceration regardless of how long it is).
Still, calling a facility a jail typically implies
that it’s relatively small, local, and
for short-term periods of incarceration—a county jail.
Calling a facility a prison, on the other hand,
implies a large facility for the confinement of people
who have been convicted of crimes
and are serving long-term sentences
—a state or federal prison.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT PENITENTIARY
What does penitentiary mean?
A penitentiary is a prison,
especially a state or federal prison
in the United States or Canada.
Penitentiaries typically house criminals
who have committed major crimes.
The word is often used in formal contexts.
In less formal and slang usage,
it is often shortened to pen or the pen,
such as in the phrase
state pen (a penitentiary run by a state government,
as opposed to the federal government).
It is sometimes used as an adjective
describing related things.
Less commonly,
the word is used as the name of
a special type of Roman Catholic tribunal.
Example:
If convicted, your client is facing a life sentence in a federal penitentiary.
Where does penitentiary come from?
The first records of penitentiary come from around the 1400s.
It comes from the Medieval Latin pēnitēntiārius,
from Latin paenitēns, meaning “penitent.”
Penitent can mean “expressing sorrow or remorse for an offense”
or “a person who expresses such remorse.”
Penitentiary, penitent, penance, and repent
are all related to the Latin verb paenitēre,
meaning “to regret” or “to be sorry.”
Many people use the words
prison and jail interchangeably,
but in most cases
a prison houses long-term inmates
convicted of major crimes,
especially violent crimes
such as murder and armed robbery.
A jail, on the other hand,
typically holds people who have been
convicted of minor offenses or
who are awaiting trial.
Penitentiary almost always refers to prison.
It is most often used in the official names
of state and federal prisons in the U.S. and Canada.
A more specific and less common use of penitentiary
refers to a Roman Catholic tribunal
presided overby a cardinal (a high-ranking bishop).
Such a body has authority over certain matters
like penance and confession.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Is It 'Jail' or 'Prison'?
How they differ and overlap
What to Know
Jail and prison are often used interchangeably
as places of confinement.
If you want to be specific
jail can be used to describe a place for those awaiting trial
or held for minor crimes,
whereas prison describes a place for criminals
convicted of serious crimes.
There are many words in English with multiple meanings;
with many of these
the intended meaning of a word with multiple senses
can easily be inferred by the context in which it is used.
A fine example of this is the word penitentiary,
which may mean (among other things)
either “a public institution in which offenders against the law
are confined for detention or punishment”
or “an officer in some Roman Catholic dioceses
vested with power from the bishop to deal with
cases of a nature normally handled only by the bishop.”
See if you can tell which one is meant in the two examples below.
While it may be quite simple to tell
which sense of penitentiary is being used
(made all the easier by the fact that
the religious one is now very rare),
other words have shades of meaning
that are not always obviously discernible through context.
Prison and jail are both excellent examples of this.
Each word has a general use and a specific one,
and it is not always easy to tell which one is being used.
'Prison' vs. 'Jail'
We define prison as “a place of confinement especially for lawbreakers”, and jail as “a place of confinement for persons held in lawful custody.”
Many people feel that there are specific uses for each of these words,
and that they should never be used interchangeably.
While key differences exist between jails and prisons
— jails typically house people awaiting trial
and those serving short sentences,
while prisons confine convicts long term
— the Justice Department’s study remains illustrative of life behind bars….
— The Boston Globe (Boston, MA), 20 Apr. 2017
Those in favor of semantic exactness with these words
will be glad to know that we do include specific uses for each word.
Prison is “an institution (such as one under state jurisdiction)
for confinement of persons convicted of serious crimes”
and jail is “such a place under the jurisdiction of a local government
(such as a county) for the confinement of persons awaiting trial
or those convicted of minor crimes.”
If you are serving a sentence for a misdemeanor
(such as stealing something of small value),
or if you are waiting trial, it will likely be in a jail.
If you are serving a sentence for a serious crime (such as murder)
it will likely be in a prison.
Interchangeable Use
However, both jail and prison are very old words,
both in use for well over 700 years,
and this distinction has not always been observed.
In modern use
the words are used interchangeably often enough
that it is difficult to define either one as always meaning a certain thing.
As evidence of this lack of distinction
The New York Times, in a story from 1964,
employed jail in the headline and then used prison
in the very first sentence of the story.
It is worth noting that both words have meanings
that are either figurative, or somewhat more general;
prison may also mean “a state of confinement or captivity,”
and jail may refer to “confinement in a jail.”
Both words also function as verbs,
and in this role are less influenced by misdemeanors or felonies
than they would be as nouns.
If you wish to avoid ambiguity in use
you should use prison for serious crimes with longer sentences,
and jail for less serious crimes, or for detention awaiting trial.
And penitentiary, when referring to a hoosegow,
often has the specific meaning of
“a state or federal prison in the U.S.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words at Play
Jails and prisons
Jails and prisons are correctional institutions
housing those who are in trouble with the law.
In most instances,
a jail is used for temporary detainment
while an inmate awaits a trial or sentencing.
A prison is where one is delivered to carry out a long-term sentence
after conviction, especially for higher crimes.
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