2021-05-28 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – Begin & commence

Revision B

2021-05-28

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – Begin & commence

แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น

ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง Begin = ‘bih-GIN’

ออกเสียง commence = ‘kuh-MENS’

Dictionary.com

SYNONYMSTUDY FOR BEGIN

Begin, commence, initiate, start (when followed by noun or gerund)

refer to setting intomotion or progress something that continues for some time.

Begin isthe common term:

to begin knitting a sweater.

Commence isa more formal word,

often suggesting a more prolonged or elaboratebeginning:

to commence proceedings in court.

Initiate impliesan active and often ingenious first act in a new field:

to initiate a new procedure.

Start means to make a first move or to set out on a course of action:

to start paving a street.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Choose the Right Synonym for begin & commence

BEGIN, COMMENCE, START, INITIATE, INAUGURATE, USHER IN

mean to take the first step in a course, process, or operation.

BEGIN, START, and COMMENCE are often interchangeable.

BEGIN, opposed to end, is the most general.

begin a trip began dancing

START, opposed to stop, applies especially to

first actions, steps, or stages.

the work started slowly

COMMENCE can be more formal

or bookish than BEGIN or START.

commence firing commenced a conversation

INITIATE implies taking a first step in a process or series that is to continue.

initiated diplomatic contacts

INAUGURATE suggests a beginning of some formality or notion of significance.

the discovery of penicillin inaugurated a new era in medicine

USHER IN is somewhat less weighty than INAUGURATE.

ushered in a period of economic decline

Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree

commence

=originate, inaugurate, begin, start:

commence the show

Not to be confused with:

comments = remarks; observations, annotations, criticisms:

There were harsh comments on the performance.

Collins COBUILD English Usage

Start – begin

1. used with noun phrases

If you start or begin something, you do it from a particular time.

There is no difference in meaning.

My father started work when he was fourteen.

We'll begin the meeting as soon as he arrives.

The past tense of begin is began. The -ed participle is begun.

The teacher opened the book and began the lesson.

The company has begun research on a new product.

2. used with other verbs

You can use a to-infinitive or an -ing form after start and begin.

Rafael started to run.

He started laughing.

I was beginning to feel better.

We began talking about our experiences.

Be Careful!
Don't use an -ing form after starting or beginning.

Don't say, for example, 'I'm beginning understanding more'.

You must say 'I'm beginning to understand more'.

3. used as intransitive verbs

Start and begin can be intransitive verbs,

used to say that something happens from a particular time.

The show starts at 7.

My career as a journalist was about to begin.

4. special uses of 'start'

Start has some special meanings.

You don't use 'begin' with any of these meanings.

You use start to say that someone makes a machine

or engine start to work.

She started her car and drove off.

He couldn't get the engine started.

You use start to say that someone

creates a business or other organization.

He borrowed money to start a restaurant.

Now is a good time to start your own business.

Dictionary of Problem Words in English

Begin & commence

These words are alike in meaning

“to start,”

“to originate,”

“to cause to come into being”:

“Come on, let’s begin the meeting.”

“When will the fireworks display commence?”

Commence isstronger in its suggestion of initiative,

of action originated bysome person or force;

it is alsoa more formal word than begin:

“The prosecuting attorney will commence proceeding in the trial.”

In normal speech and writing, prefer the shorter, less formal begin.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Words at Play

And So It Begins: 9 Words for Beginnings

Let's take it from the top.

2 Mar 2021

Genesis

In the beginning, you might say, was genesis.

The name given tothe first book of the Old Testament

describes the creation of Adam and Eve

along withthe earth and the heavens.

The book even begins with the words

"In the beginning," making

genesis the ne plus ultra, perhaps, of beginning words.

Genesis derivesvia Latin from the Greek gignesthai,

meaning "to be born,"

and can refer to the origin orbeginning

of anythingfrom a heavenly body to an idea.

The genesis and maturation ofa planet, its poise and orbit,

the bended tree recovering itself from the strong wind,

the vital resources of every animal and vegetable,

are demonstrations ofthe self-sufficing, and therefore self-relying soul.
— Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance," 1841

Commence

Commencer inFrench means "to begin";

we get our verb commence viaMiddle English and Anglo-French

from a Latinword that was formed by

combining com- ("with") with initiare ("to begin").

Initiare is the root of our verb initiate.

So, even though they look nothing alike inEnglish,

commence and initiate havethe same origin.

He cast a sinister look at the little flame

which I had enticed to play between the ribs,

swept the cat from its elevation,

and bestowing himself in the vacancy,

commenced the operation of stuffing a three-inch pipe with tobacco.
— [Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, 1847

Interestingly, we use commencement

to refer tothe ceremony given to confer diplomas

to those who have completed the requirements to graduate from a school.

While that might seem like the end of one journey,

it is for many the beginning of another,

and commencement conveys that.

In British English,

commence can mean"to take a degree at a university."

Square one

The use of square one

to mean "the initial stage or starting point"

might call to mind board games such as Chutes and Ladders,

where certain penalties require a player

to move their piece back to an earlier space on the board.

Because of that,

the idiom back to square one

usually doesn't have a positive meaning; rather,

it's aboutmaking a new attempt

after a previous(usually prolonged) effort has failed.

In any event, with Cash released

and everybody back to square one, actuallynot even up to square one

consideringthe nearly full-day head start they had given the shooter,

at this late hour Matty was relegated to poring over

Manhattan robbery-pattern reports from the last six months,

the monthly All Sheets of unsolved crimes,

keeping it close to home, though, the Eighth, the Fifth, and the Ninth, because a deer never travels more than a mile from where it was born

and always walks in the path of its ancestors.
— Richard Price, Lush Life, 2008

Early uses of the phrase, from the 1950s,

make reference to board games,

though some scholars have attributed

the originof the phrase back to square one

to how soccer games were announced over radio.

Preamble

The noun preamble

is the name we giveto the first section of the U.S. Constitution,

the 52-word paragraph that begins "We the People"

and lays out the purpose of the document that follows.

The amble in preamble comesfrom the Latin verb meaning "to walk"

(as found in ambulance and ambulatory);

the Late Latin praeambulus means "walking in front of."

In broader use,

preamble can refer to any introductory statement or section of a text,

or a fact or circumstance from which other events follow.

Lily, oppressed by the close atmosphere,

and the stifling odour of fresh mourning,

felt her attention straying as Mrs. Peniston's lawyer,

solemnly erect behind the Buhl table at the end of the room,

began to rattle through the preamble of the will.
— Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, 1905

Ab ovo

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

The Latin phrase ab ovo, meaning "from the egg,"

might sounds like it's taking a position on answering that classic riddle.

But ab ovo isactually part of a longer phrase

written bythe poet Horace:

ab ovo usque ad mala, which translates to "from the egg to the apples."

The phrase alludes to a pattern seen inRoman dining,

that of starting a meal with eggs and finishing it with apples.

It was an English writer, Sir Philip Sidney,

who is creditedwith giving ab ovo a figurative application,

referring to the beginning of an action.

"Given Arthur's fondness for approaching a problem ab ovo,

without reference to previous results,

and adding to it a certain obscurity of presentation that even I,

who knew him well, had found disturbing,

it was a wonder that he had done as well as he had."
— Charles Sheffield, A Braver Thing, 1990

Exordium

In a way similar to preamble,

exordium denotesan introductory section to something written,

usually a discourse or composition.

It can also be usedfor the opening piece in a collection (as of poetry),

usually one that sets the tone for what follows:

A disarmingly small first poem, “For the Book,” offers an exordium reminiscent of Roman playboy

Catullus’s disclaimer in which he distinguished his “novum libellum,”

or “new little book,” from the exhaustive tomes of historians...
— Heather Treseler, Boston Review, 20 Oct. 2015

Foreword, preface, and prologue are other words

used for the opening section of a text.

Exordium derives from a Latin noun that

combines the prefix ex- with ordiri, a verb meaning "to begin."

Get-go

Get-go (and idioms such as from/since the get-go)

originated in African-American slang,

with early uses dating from the 1960s attributed to writers

such as Toni Cade Bambara.

Things ain't getting no better fast.

Like I said, I ain't been feeling right since the get-go

and now there's three dudes stead of one to deal with

and that sure ain't gon make things no easier.
— John Edgar Wideman, Brothers and Keepers, 1984

Despite its slangy origin,

from/since the get-go is now used by speakers of all backgrounds,

even occasionally in formal writing.

Its origin is uncertain,

with phrases such as get going noted asa possible influence.

A phrase with a similar rhythm is from the word go,

which calls to mind an official giving a signalto start a race.

That phrase is much older than from the get-go,

with evidence dating to the early 19th century.

Overture

An overture can be an introductory gesture or proposal,

but in the field of music,

it's the orchestral introduction to a dramatic work, such as an opera.

The William Tell Overture, for example, opens Rossini's opera by that name.

To make a non-musical overture to someone

means to make an offer or suggestion

to start talking or negotiating with someone,

often someone you don't know well

or haven't been talking to much until that point.

Although Meadows has made an overture to Pelosi to restart talks,

he wasn’t optimistic that a deal would actually be reached

before the government funding deadline next month.
— Heather Caygle, Politico, 27 Aug. 2020

Even though it begins with over, and suggests a crossing over distances,

overture is notrelated to over.

Instead, it was formed from a Vulgar Latin alteration of apertura,

the word for an aperture or opening.

Incipient

Incipient has all of the credentials required to make this list,

starting with the fact that it derives from the Latin verb incipere

("to begin") and is related to incipit, a term that literally means "it begins"

and which was used for the opening wordsof a medieval text.

(Incipere also gives us our noun inception).

Early usesof the word occurred in scientific contexts,

describing things (such as new species) justcoming into being,

though writers soon took to

using the word for other things in early stages of development.

There is nothing so inspiring in lifeas the sight of a legitimate ambition,

no matter how incipient. It gives colour, force, and beauty to the possessor.
— Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, 1900