2021-05-28 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – Beg the question & beg to advise
2021-05-28
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – Beg the question & beg to advise
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Beg = ‘BEYG’ or ‘BEG’
SYNONYM STUDY FOR BEG
Beg and request
are used in certain conventional formulas,in the sense of ask.
Beg, once a part of many formal expressions
used in letter writing, debate, etc.,
is now used chiefly in such courteous formulas as I beg your pardon;
The Committee begs to state, etc.
Request, more impersonal and now moreformal,
is used in giving courteousorders (You are requested to report)
and in commercial formulas like to request payment.
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF BEG
The idiom beg the question
is a translation of the Latin rhetorical term petitio principii
and its original meaning
is “to assume thetruth of the very point under discussion.”
For example,
to answer the question “Can we afford another employee?”
by stating howconvenient it would be to have another employee
would be begging the question.
This idiomwas then taken to mean
“to evade the issue or avoid the question,”
a natural assumption if one is unfamiliar with the original meaning.
The most recent, and now quite common,
sense is “to raise the question”:
His success begs the question: what will be his next project?
However, the original meaning,
having to do with a fallacy of reasoning or argument, is useful
and in fact many people favor restricting the phrase to this meaning.
BRITISH DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS FOR BEG
USAGE FOR BEG
The use of beg the question
to mean that a question needs to be asked
is considered by some people to be incorrect
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for beg
Verb
BEG, ENTREAT, BESEECH, IMPLORE, SUPPLICATE, ADJURE, IMPORTUNE
mean to ask urgently.
BEG suggests earnestness or insistence in the asking.
they begged for help
ENTREAT implies an effort to persuade or to overcome resistance.
entreated me to join them
BESEECH and IMPLORE imply a deeply felt anxiety.
I beseech you to have mercy
implored her not to leave him
SUPPLICATE suggests a posture of humility.
with bowed heads they supplicated their Lord
ADJURE implies advising as well as pleading.
we were adjured to tell the truth
IMPORTUNE suggests an annoying persistence in trying to break down resistance toa request.
importuning viewers for contributions
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary
Beg the question
An argument thatimproperly assumes as true
the very pointthe speaker is trying to argue for
is said in formal logic to “beg the question.”
Here is an example of a question-begging argument:
“This painting is trash because it is obviously worthless.”
The speaker is simply asserting the worthlessness of the work,
not presenting any evidence to demonstrate that this is in fact the case.
Since we never use “begs” with this odd meaning
(“to improperly take for granted”) in any other phrase,
many people mistakenly suppose the phrase implies something quite different:
that the argument demands that a question about it be asked
—raises the question.
If you’re not comfortable with formal terms of logic,
it’s best to stay away from this phrase, or risk embarrassing yourself.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
Beg to advise
This expression is overworked,
particularly in business correspondence.
“I beg to advise you that your valued order has been received”
can more simply and economically
be expressed by omitting all words before your:
“Your valued order …….. “
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Beg the Question
It's not begging at all
What to Know
Begging the question means
"to elicit a specific question as a reaction or response,"
and can often be replaced with
"a question that begs to be answered."
However, a lesser used and more formal definition
is "to ignore a question under the assumption it has already been answered."
The phrase itself comes from a translation of an Aristotelian phrase rendered as "beg the question" but meaning "assume the conclusion."
it's an odd phrase if you think about it, but most of us don't:
The U.S. Postal service says that
personal letter delivery is at an all-time low….
Which begs the question:
are open letters the only kind the future will know?
— Charlotte Alter, Time, 2 Dec. 2015
Capabilities, says Mr [Amartya] Sen, are ends that economists should strive to maximize…. That begs the question of which capabilities a society should maximise.
— The Economist, 20 Dec. 2014
It's not the first time a fan has been injured by a batted ball
or broken bat flying into the stands, nor is it likely to be the last.
But that begs the question:
Why are teams putting fans at risk in the first place?
— Matt Lindner, The Chicago Tribune, 25 Aug. 2015
What Does Beg the Question Actually Mean
In each of these, beg the question means
"to cause someone to ask a specified question as a reaction or response."
What's the beg about?
Why isn't it "elicitthe question" or "raise the question"?
It makes more sense in a newer version of the phrase.
Since the 1960s we've seena steady increase in phrases like
a question that begs to be answered
and onequestion begs an answer:
The influx of big data has boosted granular targeting capabilities,
and with the rate at whichdata is being generated,
a natural question that begs to be asked is, “what’s next?”
— Val Katayev, Forbes, 23 Nov. 2015
Still, the question begs to be asked:
How could a team with one road win possibly be overconfident?
— Janie McCauley, The Associated Press, 14 Dec. 2015
The other key question that begs to be answered is:
what is valuable in Yahoo to buy?
— Leslie Settles, The Wall Street Observer, 5 Dec. 2015
These uses still trail beg the question by a lot,
but they're increasing
—most likely because the logicin them is more easily seen.
There's a segment of the population
that would be enormously relieved
if phrases like a question that begs an answer
replaced the usual begs the question uses.
These are people who think
using beg the question to mean
"to cause someone toask a specified question as a reaction or response"
is completely and thoroughly wrong.
There are probably more of these people than you think,
and they are judging the rest of us.
Other Uses of Beg the Question
For these people,
the only "correct" way to use the phrase beg the question
is with the meaning
"to ignore a question or issue by assuming it has been answered or settled."
They think these examples are acceptable:
Rich parents send their daughters to all-female schools;
why shouldn't the daughters ofthe poor enjoy similar advantages?
That's an appeal bound to elicit sympathy, especially from guilty liberals, but it begs the question of whether the daughters of the rich benefit from single-sex education.
Perhaps they benefit merelyfrom being rich and attending elite private schools with favorable student-teacher ratios and superior facilities and curricula.
— Wendy Kaminer, The Atlantic, April 1998
But the notion of a homunculus—a "little man"
—inside the brain whowatches the world on something like a little television set is hardly an explanation,
because it begs the question ofhow the little man himself is able to perceive things.
Concealed in him must be an even smaller man
who watches an itsy-bitsier TV, and so on ad infinitum, like nested Chinese boxes.
— Paul Hoffman, Discover, September 1987
The problem is that beg the question
is only very rarely used this way,
as language blogger Stan Carey explains here.
In our dictionary the sense bears the label "formal."
The formal meaning does, though, help us get to the origin of the phrase itself.
Origin of Beg the Question
Beg the question is a phrase from formal logic.
We have Aristotle to thank for it—or, actually,
an anonymous 16th century translator who took Aristotle's phrase petitio principii and rendered it in English as "beg the question."
A better translation would have been "assume the conclusion,"
as linguist Mark Liberman at Language Log explains; petitio principii
is used to name the logical fallacy in which an argument assumes the very thing it's trying to prove.
Here's an example:
If left to themselves,
children will naturally do the right thing
because people areintrinsically good.
This statement tries toprove that
children will naturally dothe right thing
by using the unproven assertion that people are intrinsically good.
That assertion isproblematic
because it is little more than a broader version
of the thing that is being proven.
So that's where beg the question comes from,
but all this, ahem,
begs the question of whatyou should do
with all this knowledge about the phrase.
Liberman recommends that people avoid it altogether
(but also "cultivatean attitude of serene detachment
in the face of its use by others").
You may take his recommendation,
or you may use beg the question to mean either
"to cause someone toask a specified question as a reaction or response" or"to ignore a question or issue by assuming it has beenanswered or settled."
Both uses are established, and the first one is ubiquitous.
One more little matter here:
the "to ignore a question or issue" meaning of beg the question
has led to a meaning of beg defined as"evade" or "sidestep."
It's typically found in phrases like "beg the issue" or "beg the point":
Some of you may be quick to notice that
steroids and other PEDs [performance enhancing drugs] are banned.
It's cheating to use them.
But not so surgery, which is entirely on the up and up.
But this just begs the issue.
Why have we banned use of performance enhancing medicine but not surgery?
— Alva Noë, NPR.org, 26 July 2013
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage.:
Beg the question is originally a translation of the Latin rhetorical
term petitio principii, which means
“to assume the truth of the very point under discussion.”
For example, to answer the question “Can we afford another employee?”
by stating how convenient it would be to have another employee would be begging the question.
This expression was then taken
to mean “avoid the question” or “evade the issue”
- a natural assumption if one is unfamiliar with the original meaning.
The most recent, and now quite common, sense is “to raise the question”:
His success begs the question: what's next?
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Beg
Usage Note:
Historically, logicians and philosophers
have used the phrase beg the question
to mean "to put forward
an argument whose conclusion is already assumed as a premise."
Usually, when people beg the question in this sense,
the conclusion and the assumed premise
are put in slightly different words,
which tends to obscure the fact
that such an argument is logically meaningless.
For instance,
to argue that caviar tastes better than peanut butter
because caviar has a superior flavor is to beg the question—
the premise that is taken as given (that caviar's flavor is superior)
is essentially identical to the point it is intended to prove
(that caviar tastes better).
But since at least the early 1900s,
laypeople have been using beg the question in slightly different senses,
to mean "raise a relevant question"
or "leave a relevant question unanswered."
When used in these senses, beg the question
is usually followed by a clause explaining
what the question in question is,
as in:
That article begs the question of whether
we should build a new school or renovate the old one
or
The real estate listing claims that the kitchen is spacious,
which begs the question of what "spacious" means.
These senses of beg the question
are so well established that
they have nearly displaced the original sense in everyday usage,
but they are still often frowned on by traditionalists,
especially those with training in philosophy;
in our 2013 survey, the sentences above were judged acceptable
only by slim majorities of the Usage Panel—55 and 58 percent, respectively.
By contrast, a sentence using the phrase in its original sense
(When I asked him why we must protect every endangered species
regardless of the cost, he said it was because every species is priceless,
but that just begs the question)
was considered acceptable by 79 percent of the Panel.
The newer senses of beg the question
will probably continue to flourish
because "begging a question"
suggests "begging for," or "raising" a question.
However, this broader usage will
also probably continue to draw the ire of philosophers
and others who use the "circular reasoning" sense of the term,
for which there is no good substitute,
and do not want to see its technical meaning lost.
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