2021-05-28 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – because & reason
2021-05-28
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – because & reason
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง because =’bih-KAWZ’ or ‘KOZ’ or ‘KUHZ’
ออกเสียง reason = ‘REE-zuhn’
Dictionary.com
WHEN TO USE
What are other waysto say because?
The conjunction because introduces a direct reason
for an occurrence oraction:
I was sleeping because I was tired.
As and since areso casual
as to imply merely circumstances attendant on the main statement:
As (or since) I was tired, I was sleeping.
The reason, proof, or justificationintroduced by for
is like anafterthought or a parenthetical statement:
I was famished, for I had not eaten all day.
The more formal in as much as impliesconcession;
the main statement is true in view of the circumstances
introduced by this conjunction:
In as much as I was tired, it seemed best to sleep.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Can you begin a sentence with because?
Yes, and the reason isbecause . .
Because has beenthe subject of a number of quibbles
relating to its grammar and usage.
Two of the more common ones are
the notion that a sentence shouldnever begin with because
and the idea that the phrase
“the reason is because” is somehow improper.
Although the construction appears
to be more common inmagazine and newspaper writing
than in formal prose,
beginninga sentence with because is both acceptableand widespread.
The prohibitionagainst “the reason is because”
is rootedpartly in the idea that it is redundant
(that is, akin to writing “the reason is for the reason that”).
However, because may have the meaning “that”
when it introduces a clause that functions as a noun in a sentence
("What is the reason for your delay?" "It is because my car broke down.").
There is considerable evidence of this sort of use
among some of our language’s most celebratedwriters
going back at least as far as the 16th century.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR REASON
Reason, cause, motive
are terms for a circumstance (orcircumstances)
which brings about or explains certain results.
A reason is an explanation of a situation or circumstance
which made certain resultsseem possible or appropriate:
The reason for the robbery was the victim's display of his money.
The cause isthe way in which the circumstances produce the effect,
that is, make a specific action seem necessary or desirable:
The cause was the robber's extreme need of money.
A motive isthe hope, desire, or other force
which startsthe action (or an action) in an attempt
to producespecific results:
The motive was to get money to buy food for his family.
USAGE NOTE FOR REASON
The construction reason is because
is criticized in a number of usage guides:
The reason for the long delays was because the costs greatly exceeded the original estimates.
One objection to this construction is based on its redundancy:
the word because (literally, by cause)
contains within it the meaning of reason;
thusม saying the reason is because is like saying
“The cause is by cause,” which would neverbe said.
A second objection is based on the claim
that because can introduce only adverbial clauses
and that reason is requires completion by a noun clause.
Critics would substitute that for because inthe offending construction:
The reason for the long delays in completing the project was that the costs.
… Although the objections described here are frequently raised,
reason is because is still common inalmost all levels of speech
and occurs often in edited writing as well.
A similar charge of redundancy is made against the reason why,
which is also a well-establishedidiom:
The reason why the bill failed to pass was the defection of three key senators.
Collins English Dictionary
reasoner n
Usage:
The expression the reason is because… should be avoided. Instead one should say either this is because… or the reason is that…
Collins COBUILD English Usage
reason
The reason for something is the fact or situation
which explains why it happens, exists, or is done.
I asked the reason for the decision.
The reason for this relationship is clear.
Be Careful!
Don't use any preposition except for after reason in sentences like these.
You can talk about a person's reason for doing something.
One of his reasons for coming to England was to make money.
You can also talk about the reason why something happens or is done.
There are several reasons why we can't do that.
However, if you are actually stating the reason,
don't use 'why'.
Instead, you use a that-clause.
The reason that they liked the restaurant was its relaxed atmosphere.
The reason I'm calling you is that I know Larry talked with you earlier.
Note that the second clause in these sentences
is also a that-clause.
Instead of a that-clause,
some speakers use a clause beginning with because.
The reason they are not like other boys is because they have been brought up differently.
This use of because is fairly common in spoken and informal English.
However, some people think that it is incorrect,
and you should avoid it in formal English.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
rea′son•er, n.
usage:
The construction reason is because
is criticized in a number of usage guides:
The reason for the long delays was because the costs far exceeded the original estimates.
One objection is based on redundancy:
the word because (literally, by cause) contains within it
the meaning “reason.”
A second objection is based on the claim
that because can introduce only adverbial clauses
and that reason is requires completion by a noun clause.
Critics would substitute that for because in the offending construction:
The reason for the long delays was that the costs. …
Nevertheless, reason is because is still common
in almost all levels of speech and occurs often in edited writing as well.
A similar charge of redundancy
is made against the reason why,
which is also a well-established idiom:
The reason why the bill failed to pass was the defection of three key senators.
Both phrases are easy to avoid if desired.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'The Reason Is Because': Redundant But Acceptable
If 'because' can mean 'that,' why not say "the reason is because"?
We're guessing that at some point in your grammar-school days,
you were told that using the phrase "the reason is because" was redundant.
And, by a certain look at the definition, it is.
But we're here to say that you shouldn't be scolded
for or feel any qualms about using the phrase.
Proponents of the argument against it claim
that since because means "for the reason that,"
it follows that to say, for example,
"The reason I ordered vanilla is because I like it" is equivalent to saying "The reason I ordered vanilla is for the reason that I like it."
This appears to be plainly repetitious and rather nonsensical.
However, the majority of people are acutely sensitive
to the apparent redundancy
and would not construct a sentence like the latter.
The fact is because does not always mean "for the reason that."
It can also be understood to mean "the fact that" or simply "that."
With either of these meanings substituted in the phrase,
the phrase "the reason is because" makes sense and is not necessarily redundant.
Clearly, the many writers who have used
and who continue to use this phrase do notfeel it to be redundant
—and we agree, especially since it appears in the letters
and formal prose of many literary writers, among them,
Francis Bacon, Jonathan Swift, John Adams, Robert Frost, Ernest Hemingway, and E. B. White.
The Reason was, because the Religion of the Heathen, consisted rather in Rites and Ceremonies, than in any constant belief.
— Francis Bacon, Essays, 1625
The reason I tell you so is, because it was done by your parson….
— Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, 14 May 1711
The reason is because it is of more importance ... that innocence should be protected than it is that guilt should be punished.
— John Adams, final argument in defense of the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, 1770
If the fellow who wrote it seems to know more of my goings and comings than he could without complicity of mine, the reason is because he is a lovely old boy and quite took possession of me while I was in Boston.
— Robert Frost, letter, 22 Mar. 1915
The reason every one now tries to avoid it, to deny that it is important, to make it seem vain to try to do it, is because it is so difficult.
— Ernest Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 1935
The reason the story has never been made into a film is because I won't sign a contract….
— E. B. White, letter, 28 Oct. 1969
(You may have noticed that in the more modern examples,
reason isseparated from the because clause by intervening matter, sometimes quite long.
In the olderexamples
reason is more frequently found right next to because.
It seems the separation isdone to improve readability;
because, in itsposition later in the sentence,
becomes a signal word tothe reader
telling him or her thatwhat follows is the "reason" mentioned previously.)
The secondargument against "the reason is because"
tries to attack the grammatical soundness of the phrase,
claiming that"the reason is" requires a descriptive clause
beginningwith that because of the linking verb be
—which, grammatically, connects a subject to the description following.
Using our ongoing ice-cream example,
"The reason I ordered vanilla is that I like it,"
"that I like it" is the descriptive relative clause.
However, since because sharesthe same meaning as conjunctive that
"The reason I ordered vanilla is because I like it" is also acceptable,
if that's your preference.
Sentences of the form
"If you're tired, it's because you stayed up all night playing video games again" are certainly recognizable asstandard English.
If because can refer to a pronoun like it
or to the also common this or that ("this/that is because"),
there is no logical reason it should notrefer to a noun like reason.
Thus, the grammatical objection to "the reason is because" doesn't hold up.
No treatment of "the reason is because" would be complete
without mention ofthe doubly redundant
"the reason why is because"
(by the way, we have no problem with the construction
"reason why" without because since,like because,
why can function as a conjunction meaning "for which,"
and so "reason why" translates as"the reason for which").
"The reason why is because" is more common in older sources,
and nowadays appears mainly in colloquial speech.
I don't know if I ever told you about it, but the reason why I left England was because I was sent over by my Aunt Agatha to try to stop young Gussie marrying a girl on the vaudeville stage….
— P. G. Wodehouse, "Leave It To Jeeves," 1916
"Within five minutes, I said, 'I could do this show. I could like doing this show.' And the reason why is because I get to play an extended version of myself, which is great. I get to do live sketches in front of a live audience."
— Billy Crystal, quoted in The Gwinnett Daily Post, 1 Apr. 2015
In sum, "the reason is because"
has been attested in literary use for centuries.
If you aren't comfortable using the phrase,
or feel that it's awkward, don't use it.
But maybe lay off the criticism of others
—there's really no argument against it.
The phrase may grate on your nerves
(along with "the reason why is because"),
but it puts people who apply it in some very distinguished literary company.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Since' vs. 'As' vs. 'Because'
Which conjunctionshould you use to show cause?
For reasons that confound the humble lexicographer,
some people have quite a beef with conjunctions.
Specifically,
people seem to be confused
about which kinds of conjunctions you can use where.
What are we to make, some usage mavens would say, of the sentence
"We had dessert since he had bought ice cream"?
A solid question that is mostly irrelevant in the real world.
That's right: there's more than one kindof conjunction.
There's onetype of conjunction in particular
that's been a bugaboo for grammarians for centuries,
and that is the causal conjunction.
As their name suggests,
causal conjunctions are used to connect two related clauses or sentences
and toshow a cause-and-effect relationship between the two:
We have no dessert in the house because you ate all the ice cream last night.
Because isthe conjunction that gets the most use,
but there are a few others in use
--much to the consternation of usage commentators
of the 20th and 21st centuries.
The two causal conjunctions that get the most ire from grammarians
are since and as.
Since is used as a causal conjunction (and has been since the 16th century) inthe same way that because is used:
Since you ate the ice cream last night, we don't have any dessert tonight.
Usage mavens of the 20th century rejected this use.
Since as a conjunction can refer both to causation
and to the passage of time
("It's been two weeks since we've had any ice cream in this house"),
and the mavens believed strongly that
since there's potential confusion over which meaning of since is meant,
one should avoid since as a causal conjunction.
What are we tomake, they would say, of the sentence.
"We had dessert since he had bought ice cream"?
Is the writer saying that afterhe bought ice cream,
they had been steadily having dessert?
Or is the writer saying that because he bought ice cream, they had dessert?
These mavens askeda solid question that is,
nonetheless, mostly irrelevant in the real world.
Such instances of ambiguityarefew and far between in actual use: sentences tend to appear surrounded by other sentences,
and this context often makes it clear
whether the writer is using the causal since or the time-related since.
We've used a few sinces here, and it's probable you didn't stumble over them at all.
There is a subtle differencebetween since and because, however: since expresses a milder degree of causality than because does.
Since doesn'tget all the ire.
The conjunctive as getsdumped on even more.
The conjunction as has a number of meanings and uses,
including both one that marks time (“We had dessert as we watched TV”) and causation (“We had dessert, as we had ice cream in the house”),
and both of these uses are over 1,000 years old.
The time-related meaning of as
is more common thanthe causal meaning of as¸
and for this reason, usage commentators still advise against it:
In the causal sense, as shouldgenerally be avoided because (not as!)
it may be understood ashaving its more usual meaning “while,”
especially when it is placed anywhere but at the beginning of the sentence.
—Bryan Garner, Garner’s Modern English Usage, 4th ed., 2016
Sound advice.
And yet our research shows that, in real life,
conjunctiveuses of as are rarely confusing.
Just like
since, the conjunctive as rarely appears in a sentence that is contextless,
and the context can often help disambiguatethe meaning of as.
Here are some real-world examples of the conjunctive as.
See which ones trip you up:
THESEUS. Oh! then as I'm a respectable man,
and rather particular about the company I keep, I think I'll go
—W. S. Gilbert, Thespis, 1871
... I shall prepare my most plaintive airs against his return,
in compassion to his feelings, as I know his horse will lose.
—Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, 1814
Indeed, some jurors confirmed later that day
that they wished they had been given the manslaughter option
as they didn’t believe the au pair intended to harm the baby.
—Kimberly Mills, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 14 Nov. 1997
This last example is cited by Garner as an example of the ambiguous as,
but that seems to be reading ambiguity into a sentence
where there is none.
It’s clear from the context that the as here doesn’t mean “while,”
but “because.”
As ismuch more formal than either since or because,
but this is no reason to reject it as a causal conjunction.
What advice would we give?
Since as acausal conjunction is almost unremarkable
except toa few stick-in-the-muds,
and is sometimes preferable
when you want the cause to be less directly linked to the effect.
As willgarner more criticism if you use it as a causal conjunction,
but if you need the formality of as,
make sure thatthe sentence can’t be misconstrued at all
by substituting in both because and while inyour sentence.
When in doubt, you can always default to because,
since no one finds fault with it.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
because
Usage Note:
A traditional rule holds that the construction the reason is because
is redundant, and should be avoided in favor of the reason is that.
The usage is well established,
however, and can be justified by analogy to constructions
such as: His purpose in calling her was so that she would be forewarned of the change in schedule
or The last time I saw her was when she was leaving for college.
All three constructions are somewhat less than graceful, however.
· A favorite rule of schoolteachers
(but curiously absent from the tradition of usage commentary)
is that a sentence must not begin with because.
Sometimes, however, because is perfectly appropriate
as the opening word of a sentence.
In fact, sentences beginning with because are quite common
in written English,
as in: this example from Frank Conroy:
"Because he was a prodigy, he was somewhat isolated within his own generation."
· Another rule states that one should not use a clause beginning
with because as the subject of a sentence,
as in: Just because he thinks it a good idea doesn't mean it's a good idea.
This construction is perfectly acceptable,
but it carries a colloquial flavor
and may best be reserved for informal situations.
See Usage Note at as
Collins COBUILD English Usage
because
1. 'because'
You use because when you are giving the reason for something.
If someone asks a question beginning with 'Why?',
you can reply using because.
'Why can't you come?' – 'Because I'm too busy.'
You use because with a reason clause
when you are explaining a statement.
I couldn't see Elena's expression, because her head was turned.
Because it's an area of outstanding natural beauty, you can't build on it.
Be Careful!
When you use because at the beginning of a sentence,
don't put a phrase such as 'that is why'
at the beginning of the second clause.
Don't say, for example,
'Because you have been very ill, that is why you will understand how I feel'.
You simply say
'Because you have been very ill, you will understand how I feel'.
2. 'because of'
You can use because of before a noun phrase
when you are giving the reason for something.
Many couples break up because of a lack of money.
Because of the heat, the front door was open.
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language
Usage:
The phrase on account of
can provide a useful alternative to because of in writing.
It occurs relatively infrequently in spoken language,
where it is sometimes followed by a clause,
as in on account of I don't do drugs.
However, this use is considered nonstandard.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for reason
Verb
THINK, COGITATE, REFLECT, REASON, SPECULATE, DELIBERATE
mean to use one's powers of conception, judgment, or inference.
THINK isgeneral and may apply to any mental activity,
but used alone often suggestsattainment of clear ideas or conclusions.
teaches students how to think
COGITATE implies deep or intent thinking.
cogitated on the mysteries of nature
REFLECT suggests unhurried consideration of something recalled to the mind.
reflecting on fifty years of married life
REASON stresses consecutive logical thinking.
able to reason brilliantly in debate
SPECULATE implies reasoning about things theoretical or problematic.
speculated on the fate of the lost explorers
DELIBERATE suggests slow or careful reasoning before forming an opinion or reaching a conclusion or decision.
the jury deliberated for five hours
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
Because
This conjunction is definite and specific
in its meaning of“since” or “for the reason that.”
It is used solely toexpress cause of reason:
“He left the party early because he was tired.”
As a subordinatingconjunction,
because should not beused to mean “that” (a relative pronoun);
say “The reason is that,” not “The reason is because.”
We do not say “The cause is because”;
logically, we should state not the cause for the reason but the reason itself.
“The reason for my absence was illness” is more concise
and more logical than
“The reason for my absence was because of illness”
or “ …... because I was ill.”
Also, note that “because of the fact that”
is an excessively wordy expression.
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