2021-05-18
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – back & behind
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง back = ‘BAK’
ออกเสียง behind = ‘bih-HAHYND’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR BACK
Back, hind, posterior, rear
refer to something situatedbehind something else.
Back means the opposite of front: back window.
Hind, and the more formal word posterior,
suggest the rearmost oftwo or more often similar objects:
hind legs; posterior lobe.
Rear is used of buildings, conveyances, etc.,
and in military language it is the opposite of fore:
rear end of a truck; rear echelon.
USAGE NOTE FOR BACK
Although some object to their use,
the phrases in back ofandthe shorter—and much older
— back of with the meaning “behind”
are fully established as standard in American English:
The car was parked (in ) back of the house.
Both phrases occur in all types of speechand writing.
SYNONYM STUDY FOR BEHIND
Behind, after
both refer to a position following something else.
Behind applies primarily to positionin space,
and suggests that oneperson or thing is at the back of another;
it may also refer to (a fixed) time:
He stood behind the chair.
You are behind the appointed time.
After applies primarily to time;
when it denotes position in space, it is not used with precision,
and refers usually tobodies in motion:
Rest after a hard day's work. They entered the room, one after another.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for back
Verb
SUPPORT, UPHOLD, ADVOCATE, BACK, CHAMPION
mean to favor actively one that meets opposition.
SUPPORT isleast explicit about the nature of the assistance given.
supports waterfront development
UPHOLD implies extended support given to something attacked.
upheld the legitimacy of the military action
ADVOCATE stresses urging or pleading.
advocated prison reform
BACK suggests supporting by lending assistance to one failing or falling.
refusing to backthe call for sanctions
CHAMPION suggestspublicly defending one unjustly attacked ortoo weak to advocate his or her own cause.
championed the rights of children
RECEDE, RETREAT, RETRACT, BACK
mean to move backward.
RECEDE implies a gradual withdrawing from a forward orhigh fixed point in time or space.
the flood waters graduallyreceded
RETREAT implies withdrawal from a point or position reached.
retreating soldiers
RETRACT implies drawing back from an extended position.
a cat retracting its claws
BACK is used with up, down, out, or off to refer to any retrograde motion.
backed off on the throttle
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Back Words
Going forward with words ending in '-back'
Pushback
Definition
= resistance or opposition inresponse to a policy or regulation
especially bythose affected
Pushback istoday often found used in a figurative manner,
with no physical objects being pushed.
A social moderate, Mr. Pataki signed a gay rights bill while in office,
is in favor of abortion rights and passed a tough gun-control law that received pushback from conservatives.
— Heather Haddon, The Wall Street Journal, 23 Apr. 2015
In the 1930s the word was often found
applied to a new type of seat foundin movie theaters.
Hopkins … Theatre of Luxurious Comfort
With Swanky Push-Back Seats
— (advt.) Oakland Tribune, 18 Nov. 1939
It was the plan of Harry Greenman, manager,
to allow the patrons to seat themselves in the new“push-back” seats
for the first time in the dark.
— St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 Nov. 1939
Much of the early use ofpushback asa noun
comes during the Second World War,
in referenceto the pushing back of troops.
What actually hashappened is that the Reds
achieved a push-backof the Finnish front line of resistance
and nota break-through.
— The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, IA), 7 Mar. 1940
Whatever he does, the Russian push-back isof immense help
to the western democraciesin western, middle and far eastern areas.
— Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY), 16 Dec. 1941
Blowback
Definition
= an unforeseen and unwanted effect, result, or set of repercussions
The oldest sense of blowback was often regrettably literal,
describing“an act of blowing back;
especially, escapebackward of imperfectly burned gunpowder after a shot.”
Early instances of blowbackalso frequently referred to enginesor boilers.
The papers say that
“the accident was caused by the blow-back
forcing the flames out of the furnace when the door was open.”
— Railroad Gazette (New York, NY), 27 Oct. 1882
Kickback
Definition
= a returnof a part of a sumreceived
often because of confidentialagreement or coercion
Kickback has been used to describe money gotten in return for coercionor pressure since the early portion of the 20th century.
The word can also mean “a sharp violent reaction,”
a sense which has been in use slightly longer.
Prushansky admitted he had taken
taken in procuring "kick-backs,"
or portions of salary from other painters for a man described as Sam.
— New York Herald Tribune, 6 Jan., 1934
M. Welter lost the little finger of his left hand while operating a saw,
and his brother sustained a deep cut on the chin
when the crank of a tractor struck him in a“kick-back.”
— The Sacramento Bee (Sacramento, CA), 24 Dec. 1921
Flashback
Definition
= a past incident recurring vividlyin the mind
Flashbacks most often refer to the experience of revisitingsomething,
as in “interruptionof chronological sequence
(as in: a film or literary work)
by interjectionof events of earlier occurrence” or
“a brief recurrence of a psychedelic experience.”
"What are going to be the triggersfor doctors and nurses for future PTSD?" she said. "The person performing my surgery
could suddenly be having a flashback in the middle of my procedure.”
— Rick Jervis, USA Today (McLean, VA), 5 May 2020
Prior to these uses flashback was used to describe
“a recession of flame toan unwanted position (as into a blowpipe).”
The court of inquiry designated it as a flashback.
The burning powder dropped below into the handling room,
igniting eight other sections of smokeless powder,
which resulted in the death of every man inthe turret.
— Sioux City Journal (Sioux City, IA), 31 May 1904
Callback
Definition
= a second or additional auditionfor a theatrical part
Callbacks have been around since the 19th century,
initiallysuch meanings as “a return call,”
or “a recall ofan employee to work after a lay-off.”
The theatricalmeaning
(“a second or additional auditionfor a role, as in a play or motion picture”)
is a relative newcomer, not appearing until the middle of the 20th century.
it was found that most residents of the city knew by the middle of April where they would move.
In cases where they are uncertain a “call-back” is noted
and the house revisited after May 1.
— Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 Apr. 1891
Outback
Definition
= isolated rural country especiallyof Australia
Although outback may refer to
the isolated rural territory of anycountry
the word is primarily associated with Australia.
It began to be used there, first as an adverb, in the mid-19th century.
The countryout back, between the Darling and the Paroo, Cuttaburra, Wilson, and Bulloo, is in a dreadful state.
— The Maitland Mercury (NSW, Aus.), 7 Jul. 1870
By the end of the 19th century
the word was moving towards noun-hood,
and found used in attributive fashion.
Among the successful half-dozen performers
was the "out-back" representative, Merrigal,
who pulled off the big handicap cleverly from Juan,
who carried the straight going and popular yellow and black livery of Mr. R. Allen.
— The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, Aus.), 26 Oct. 1891
By the end of the century
outback was routinelyand clearly used as a noun,
especially in Australia and New Zealand.
They have passed through great trials inthe past,
and much discomfort in their isolation fromtheir fellow creatures,
while building up their homes on the out-back.
— Weekly Times (Melbourne, Aus.), 23 Sept. 1899
Zwieback
Definition
= a usually sweetened bread enriched with eggs that is baked
and then sliced and toasted until dry and crisp
Zwieback differs slightly from the other words on this list,
which all come from the Old English bæc, meaning “back.”
Zwieback comes from the German words zwie- (“twice”)
and backen (“to bake”).
The biscuit shares its ‘twice cooked’ etymology
with such words as biscuit and biscotti.
Presburger Zwieback. Presburger Biscuits.
These Biscuits arebut recently introduced from Germany,
they are there highly esteemed and universally
used as a Wine and Coffee Biscuit.
— (advt.) Norfolk Chronicle (Norfolk, Eng.), 9 Nov. 1839
Buyback
Definition
= the act or an instance of buying something back
Our definition for buyback states that
it is especially used to mean
“the repurchase by a corporation
of shares of its own common stock usually on the open market.”
The earliestuses of the word,
dating to the beginning of the 20th century,
are often found in advertisements
by merchants who had a buyback policyas a guarantee of satisfaction.
The customer’s satisfaction was assured,
and on our buy back policywe naturally could not afford to take chances.
— (advt.) The New York Times, 3 Jun. 1909
While the stock-related sense of buyback
may still be the most common one, in recent years
there has been a marked increase
in useof the word applied to the repurchasingof firearms.
The department last held a gun buy-back in 2008,
where it collected 33 guns and offered $50 a weapon,
according to police spokesman Cmdr. John Ferdinardo.
— Chicago Tribune, 2 Apr. 2015
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The Ambiguityof Pushing 'Up' and 'Back'
When a meeting is pushed,
but you don't know what that means
Scheduling things with people can be complicated.
Not only does everybody
have tobeavailable on the same day and at the same time,
but everybody has to understandthe language
used to make the actual plan.
Let's have the meeting on the 11th at noon.
Hmm, that worked for me last month
but it doesn't work for me this month.
Can we move it up an hour?
Actually, it'd be better for me
if we just pushed it back a week and kept itat noon.
Nope, I'd need it moved up an hour that week too.
Oh—turns out that's even better for me. Let's do it then.
So just when are these people meeting?
Is it the 4th orthe 18th?
And are they meeting at 11 or at 1?
It's distinctly possible
that they're going to show up at different times on different days,
all because of two little adverbs:upand back.
When used to talk about schedules, they become contrasting words,
temporarily abandoning their usual partners, down and forward (or forth).
The odd partnership may be part of the confusion,
as each word takes on characteristics of its own antonym.
Just what does it mean if we movea meeting up an hour?
If the phrase makes you visualizeyour planner,
with the morningat the top of the page and evening at the bottom,
you likely understand up an hour to mean "an hour earlier."
So, for a meeting that's regularly at noon,
a meeting that's moved up an hour takes place at 11 a.m.
But if you thinkof up as being a distance away,
you may understand up an hourto mean "an hour later"
—that is, 1 p.m.
And how about if we move or pusha meeting back a week?
Most people assume
the meeting is a week later than originally scheduled
—back, like up, is a distance away.
(But when we "go back in time" we go to an earlier point in time,
so could one be forgiven
for thinking back a week means sooner rather than later?)
It's the metaphor itself that is problematic, of course.
We're making statements about time
with words about distance and direction.
No wonder it gets confusing.
The surest way we can think of
to prevent scheduling mishaps isto be explicit:
use earlier (or sooner) and later.
Or even actual numbers.
(Just do your best to show up on time.)
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Back
1. used with an intransitive verb
You use back with an intransitiveverb to say
that someone returns to a place where they were before.
In six weeks we've got to go back to West Africa.
I went back to the kitchen.
I'll come back after dinner.
2. 'be back'
In conversation, instead of saying that someone will 'come back',
you often say that they will be back.
I imagine he'll be back for lunch.
Pete will be back from holiday next week.
Be Careful!
You never use 'back' with the verb return.
You do notsay, for example, 'He returned back to his office'.
You say 'He returned to his office'.
I returned from the Middle East in 1956.
3. used with a transitiveverb
You use back with a transitiveverb to say that
someone or something is taken or sent toa place
where they were before.
Back usually goes after the direct object.
We brought Dolly back.
He took the tray back.
When the direct object is a pronoun, back always goes after it.
I brought him back to my room.
She put it back on the shelf.
However, when the direct object is a long noun group,
or a noun group followed by a relative clause,
you put back in front of the noun group.
He recently sent back his rented television set.
He put back the silk sock which had fallen out of the drawer.
He went to the market and brought back fresh food which he cooked at home
.
4. returning to aformer state
Back can also be used to say that
someone or something returns to a state they were in before.
He went back to sleep.
...a £30 million plant which will turn all the waste back into sulphuric acid.
5. used as a noun
Back is also a noun.
Your back is the part of your bodyfrom your neck to your waist
that is onthe opposite side to your chest and stomach.
We lay on our backs under the ash tree.
She tapped him on the back.
The back of an object is the side or part
that is towards therearor farthest from the front.
Many relatives sat at the back of the room, some visibly upset.
Keep some long-life milk at the back of your refrigerator.
The back of a door is the sidewhich faces into a room or cupboard.
Pin your food list on the back of the larder door.
The back of a piece of paper is the side which has no writing on,
or the side which you look at second.
Sign on the back of the prescription form.
Note that in BritishEnglish you do not talk about
the 'back side' of a door or piece of paper.
However, in American English, this construction is common.
Be sure to read the back side of this sheet.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
behind
1. used as a preposition
If you are behind something, you are at the back of it.
They parked the motorcycle behind some bushes.
Just behind the cottage there was a shed.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'of' after behind.
Don't say, for example,
'They parked the motorcycle behind of some bushes'.
If a project is behind schedule,
it is completed later than planned or expected.
The project is several months behind schedule.
2. used as an adverb
Behind can also be an adverb.
The other police officers followed behind.
Several customers have fallen behind with their payments.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
Back of & in back of& behind
Use of back of and in back of tomean “behind” is widespread,
but opinions differ as to theirrespectability.
Each should be considered standard,
but both are wordyand can safely be omitted in favor of behind:
“The wheelbarrow is behind (back of orin back of) the barn.”
No one questions the reputabilityof in front of,
although before
is shorter and normally will serve as well.
