2021-02-13
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – This & that
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง this = ‘THIS’
ออกเสียง that = ‘THAT’ unstressed = ‘THUHT’
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
Usage Note:
This and that are both used as demonstrative pronouns
to refer to a thought expressed earlier:
The letter was unopened; that (or this) in itself casts doubt on the inspector's theory.
That is sometimes viewed as the better choice in
referring to what has gone before (as inthe preceding example).
When the referent is yet to be mentioned,
only this is used:
This (not that) is what bothers me: we have no time to consider late applications.
This is often used in speech and informal writing
as a substitute for the indefinite article
to refer to a specific thing or person:
You should talk to this friend of mine at the Department of Motor Vehicles. I have this terrible feeling that I forgot to turn off the gas.
It is best to avoid this substitution in formal writing
except when a conversational tone is desired.
See Usage Note at that.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
that
Usage Note:
The standard rule requires that
that should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or defining)
relative clause, which identifies the entity being talked about;
in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.
Thus, in the sentence
The house that Jack built has been torn down,
the clause that Jack built is a restrictive clause
identifyingthe specific house that was torn down.
Similarly, in I am looking for a book that is easy to read,
the restrictive clause that is easy to read
tells what kind of book is desired.
A related rule stipulates that
which should be used with nonrestrictive (or nondefining) clauses,
which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;
in this use, which is always preceded by a comma.
Thus, we say The students in Chemistry 101 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that) is hard to follow.
The clause which is hard to follow is nonrestrictive
in that it does not indicate which text is being complained about;
even if the clause were omitted,
we would know that the phrase the textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 101.
Some people extend the rule and insistthat,
just as that should be used only in restrictive clauses,
which should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses.
By this thinking, which should be avoided in sentences
such as I need a book which will tell me all about city gardening,
where the restrictive clause
which will tell me all about city gardening
indicates which sort of book is needed.
But this useof which with restrictive clauses is very common,
even in edited prose.
Moreover, in some situations which is preferable to that.
Which can be especially useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or:
It is a philosophy in which ordinary people may find solace and which many have found reason to praise.
Which may also be preferable when introducing a restrictive clause modifying a preceding phrase that contains that:
We want to assign only that material which will be most helpful.
That can often be omitted in a relative clause
when the subject of the clause is different from the word or phrase the clause refers to.
Thus, one can sayeither the book that I was reading
or the book I was reading.
That can also be dropped when it introduces a subordinate clause:
I think we should try again.
That should be retained, however, when the subordinate clause begins with an adverbial phrase or anything other than the subject:
She said that under no circumstances would she allow us to skip the meeting.
The book argues that eventually the housing supply will increase.
This last sentence would be ambiguous if that were omitted,
since the adverb eventually could then be construed as
modifying either argues or will increase.
There is a widespread belief, sometimes taught as correct usage,
that only who and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause identifying a person.
But that has been used in this way for centuries,
going back to the Old English period,
and has been used by the finest writers in English,
as in "The man that once did sell the lion's skin / While the beast liv'd, was kill'd with hunting him" (Shakespeare).
and "Scatter thou the people that delight in war" (King James Bible).
In contemporary usage, who predominatesin such contexts,
but that is used with sufficient frequency to be considered standard,
as in "The atoms in a diamond ... outnumber all the people that have ever lived or ever will" (Richard Dawkins).
That also occurs idiomatically in reference to groups
(where who would sound peculiar),
as in "[She] had two sons, and settled into raising a family that soon included twin daughters" (David Freeman).
See Usage Notes at doubt, this, whatever, which, who.
Collins English Usage
That
Usage:
Precise stylists maintain a distinctionbetween that and which:
that is used as a relative pronoun in restrictive clauses
and which in nonrestrictive clauses.
In the book that is on the table is mine,
the clause that is on the table is used to distinguish one particular book(the one on the table) from another or others
(which may be anywhere, but not on the table).
In the book, which is on the table, is mine,
the which clauseis merely descriptive or incidental.
The more formal the level of language,
the more important it is to preserve the distinction
between the two relative pronouns;
but in informal or colloquial usage,
the words are often used interchangeably
Collins COBUILD English Usage
that
That has three main uses:
1. used for referring back
You use it in various ways to refer to something that has already been mentioned or that is already known.
When that is used like this, it is always pronounced /ðæt/.
I was so proud of that car!
How about natural gas? Is that an alternative?
See that – those
2. used in that-clauses
That is used at the beginning of a special type of clause
called a that-clause.
In that-clauses, that is usually pronounced /ðət/.
He said that he was sorry.
Mrs Kaul announced that the lecture would now begin.
3. used in relative clauses
That is also used at the beginning of another type of clause
called a defining relative clause.
In defining relative clauses, that is usually pronounced /ðət/.
I reached the gate that opened onto the lake.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
That – those
That and those are used in different ways
when you are referring to people, things, events, or periods of time.
They can both be determiners or pronouns.
In this use, that is pronounced /ðæt/.
Those is the plural form of that.
1. referring back
You can use that or those to refer to people, things, or events
that have already been mentioned or that are already known about.
I knew that meeting would be difficult.
'Did you see him?' – 'No.' – 'That's a pity.'
Not all crimes are committed for those reasons.
There are still a few problems with the software, but we're working hard to remove those.
2. things you can see
You can also use that or those to refer to peopleor things
thatyou can see but that are not close to you.
Look at that bird!
Don't be afraid of those people.
3. 'that', referring to a person
However, you don't usually use that as a pronoun to refer to a person. You only use it when you are identifying someone or asking about their identity.
'Who's the woman in the red dress?' – 'That's my wife.'
Who's that?
4. saying when something happened
When you have been describing an event,
you can use that with a word like day, morning, or afternoon
to say that something else happened during the same day.
There were no classes that day.
Paula had been shopping that morning.
You can also use that with week, month, or year
to show that something happened during the same week, month, or year.
There was a lot of extra work to do that week.
Later that month they attended another party at Maidenhead.
5. 'this' and 'these'
This and these are used in some similar ways to that and those.
See this - that
Collins COBUILD English Usage
This & that
This and that are determinersor pronouns.
The plural form of this is these.
The plural form of that is those.
See this - these, that - those
This entry deals with the similarities and differences
between the ways in which these words are used.
1. referring back
This, these, that, and those
are all used for referring to people, things, or events
that have already been mentioned.
It is more common to use this and these than that and those.
New machines are more expensive and this is something one has to consider.
So, for all these reasons, my advice is to be very, very careful.
You use that or those
when you are referring to something for the second time in a sentence, using the same noun.
I know that what I say to a person is seldom what that person hears.
Students suggest books for the library, and normally we're quite happy to get those books.
You usually use that, rather than 'this',
to refer to a statement that someone has just made.
'She was terribly afraid of offending anyone.' – 'That's right.'
'That's a good point,' he said in response to my question.
2. present and past
You can use this or that to talk about eventsor situations.
You use this to refer to a situation that is continuing to exist,
or to an event that is continuing to take place.
'My God,' I said, 'This is awful.'
This whole business has gone on too long.
You use that to refer to an eventor situation that has taken place recently.
I knew that meeting would be difficult.
That was a terrible air crash last week.
3. closeness
You use this or these to refer to people or things
that are very near to you.
For example, you use this to refer to an object you are holding in your hand,
or something on a desk or table in front of you.
'What is this?' she said, picking up the parcel on my desk.
Wait a minute. I just have to sort these books out.
You use that or those to refer to people or things
that you can see or hear, but that are not very near to you,
so that, for example, you cannot put out your hand and touch them.
Look at that bird!
Can you move those boots off there?
When you are comparing two things
and one of them is nearer to you than the other,
you can use this to refer to the one that is nearer
and that to refer to the one that is further away.
This one's nice but I don't like that one much.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
This & these
This and these are used in different ways
when you are referring to people, things, situations, events, or periods of time.
They can both be determiners or pronouns.
These is the plural form of this.
1. referring back
You can use this or these to refer to people, things, or events
that have just been mentioned.
He's from the Institute of English Language in Bangkok. This institute has been set up to serve language teachers in the area.
Tax increases may be needed next year to do this.
These particular students are extremely bright.
Don't use'this' as a pronoun to refer to a person who has just been mentioned.
Instead you use he or she.
He was known to everyone as Eddie.
'Bye,' Mary said as she drove away.
In conversation,
many people use this and these
as determiners even when they are mentioning people or things
for the first time.
Then this guy came to the door of the class and he said, 'Mary, you're wanted out here in the hall.'
At school we had to wear these awful white cotton hats.
2. closeness
You can use this or these to refer to peopleor things
that are very near to you.
For example, if you are holding a book, you refer to it as 'this book'.
The colonel handed him the bag. 'This is for you,' he said.
Get these kids out of here.
'This' is not usually used as a pronoun to refer to a person.
You only use it when you are identifying someone or asking them about their identity.
For example, you use this when you are introducing someone.
Note thatwhen you are introducing more than one person,
you use this, not 'these'.
This is Bernadette, Mr Zapp.
This is my brother Andrew and his wife Claire.
You also use this to say who you are when you phone someone.
Sally? This is Martin Brody.
3. present situations
You can use this to refer to a situation that exists now
or to an event that is happening now.
You know a lot about this situation.
4. 'this' and 'these' in time expressions
This is used in the following ways in time expressions:
You use it with morning, afternoon, or evening
to refer to the morning, afternoon, or evening of the present day.
I was here this afternoon. Have you forgotten?
However, don't say 'this day'. You say today.
I had a letter today from my solicitor.
Also, don't say 'this night'.
You refer to the previous night as last night.
You refer to the night of the present day as tonight.
We left our bedroom window open last night.
I think I'll go to bed early tonight.
This week, month, or year means the present week, month, or year.
They're talking about going on strike this week.
You usually use this with
weekend or with the name of a day, month, or season
to refer to the next weekend or to the next day, month, or season with that name.
Come down there with me this weekend.
Let's fix a time. This Sunday. Four o'clock.
However, you can also use this with one of these words
to refer to the previous weekend, or the previous day, month, or season with that name.
This summer they spent £15 million on emergency shelters for the homeless.
These days means 'at the present time'.
The prices these days are absolutely ridiculous.
5. 'that' and 'those'
That and those are used in some similar ways to this and these.
See this - that (for an explanation of the differences)
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage:
When that introduces a relative clause,
the clause isusu. restrictive,
that is, essential to the complete meaning of the sentence.
In The keys that I lost last month have been found,
the keys referred to are a particular set.
Without the that clause, the sentence
The keys have been found would be vague and probably puzzling.
that is used to refer to animate and inanimate nouns
and thus can substitute in most usesfor who(m) and which:
Many of the workers that (or who) built the pyramids died while working. The negotiator made an offer that (or which) was very attractive to the union.
―The relative pronoun that is sometimes omitted.
Its omission as a subjectis usu. considered nonstandard,
but the construction is heard occasionally even from educated speakers:
A fellow (that) lives near here takes people rafting.
Most often it is as an object that the relative pronoun is omitted.
The omissionalmost always occurs when the dependent clause
begins with a personal pronoun or a proper name;
the usagein the following examples is standard in all varieties of speech and writing:
The mechanic (that) we take our car to is very reliable.
The films (that) Chaplin made have become classics.
―The conjunction that is sometimes omitted, often after verbs of thinking, saying, believing, etc.:
She said (that) they would come in separate cars.
This omission almost always occurswhen the dependent clause begins with a personal pronoun or a proper name and is most frequent in informal speech and writing. See also which.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
that, which, or who?: Usage Guide
Pronoun (2)
In current usage
that refers to persons or things,
which chiefly to things and rarely to subhuman entities,
who chiefly to persons and sometimes to animals.
The notionthat that should not be used to refer to persons
is without foundation;
such use is entirely standard.
Because that has no genitive form or construction,
of which or whose must be substituted for it
in contexts that call for the genitive.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
That vs. Which: Usage Guide
Pronoun (2)
Although some handbooks say otherwise,
that and which are both regularly used
to introduce restrictive clauses in edited prose.
Which is also used to introduce nonrestrictive clauses.
That was formerly used to introduce nonrestrictive clauses;
such use is virtually nonexistent in present-day edited prose,
though it may occasionally be found in poetry.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
This & that
These constantly used words
functionas both pronouns and adjectives.
Brief comments about them are as follow:
(1) The plural of this is these; the plural of thatis those:
“This man,”
“these men,”
“that woman,”
“those women.”
(2) This and that can be used to mean “how much” and “how many”:
“I know this much.”
“I know that much.”
“I saw that many.”
“I knew this many.”
(3) This, that, and their plural forms (these, those)
are demonstrative pronouns, which means that they refer to something that can be pointed out:
“This is my hat.”
“That is yours.”
“These are my gloves.”
“Those are your hat.”
“That is yours.”
“These are my gloves.”
“Those are your books.”
“Is this you?”
“Is that you in the dark?”
(4) This and its plural can represent or sum upwords that follow:
“Let me tell you this ….”
“The steps you should take are these …..”
(5) This should be used toindicate a person, idea, event, or statement which is considered present, near, just mentioned, or supposed to be understood:
“This situation now confronting us ….”
“This idea you have expressed ……”
“Give us this day our daily bread.”
That should be used to indicate a person, idea, event, or statementwhich has not been mentioned before or is not immediately present: “Thatis a lovely sight.”
“Where were you that day?”
