2020-12-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด R – Refute & deny & refutable
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Refute = ‘ri-FYOOT’
ออกเสียง deny = ‘dih-NAHY’
ออกเสียง Refutable = ‘ri-FYOO-tuh-buhl’
ออกเสียง Refudiate = ‘ri-FYOO-dee-yet’ (not list in any Dictionary)
ออกเสียง Repudiate = ‘ri-PYOO-dee-yet’
ออกเสียง contradict = ‘kon-truh-DIKT’
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF REFUDIATE
Refudiate
raises the question about what is really a word.
The answer for new coinages is usually thrashed out gradually
between the experts who record, guard, or teach the language
and the rest of us who regularly use the language every day.
Refudiate, however, clearly appears to be
an accidental blend of refute and repudiate,
rather than a deliberate coinage that fills a perceived need for a new word.
Examples of this error go back to the late 19th century and recur from time to time. When, in 2010, controversial political figure Sarah Palin used the word in several interviewsand on the social media service and website Twitter,
it caused an uproar, and the online discussion about the word's validity went viral, but then quickly died down.
The word remains generally unacceptable in formal writing.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Synonyms:
deny, contradict, gainsay
These verbs mean to refuse to admit the existence, truth, or value of:
denied the rumor;
contradicted the statement;
trying to gainsay the evidence.
Antonym: affirm
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR DENY
Deny, contradict
both imply objecting to or arguing againstsomething.
To deny is to say that something is not true:
to deny an allegation.
To contradict is to declarethat the contrary is true:
to contradict a statement.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Deny
1. saying that something is not true
If you deny an accusation or a statement,
you say that it is not true.
The accused women denied all the charges brought against them.
He denied that he was involved.
Gabriel denied doing anything illegal.
Be Careful!
Deny must be followed by an object, a that-clause, or an -ing form.
You say, for example,
'He accused her of stealing, but she denied it'.
Don't say 'He accused her of stealing but she denied'.
Be Careful!
If someone answers 'no' to an ordinary question
in which they are not accused of anything,
don't say that they 'deny' what they are asked.
Don't say, for example,
'I asked him if the train had left, and hedenied it'.
You say 'I asked him if the train had left, and he said no'.
She asked if you'd been in and I said no
.
2. refusing to let someone have something
If you deny someone something that they need or want,
you refuse to let them have it.
His ex-wife denied him access to his children.
Don't deny yourself pleasure.
Be Careful!
However, if someone says that they will not dosomething
that someone asks them to do,
don't say that they 'deny' it.
You say that they refuse to do it or refuse.
Three employees were dismissed for refusing to join a union.
We asked them to play a game with us, but they refused.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
Refute &Repudiate
Former Alaska governor Sarah Palin tweeted a word ...
When:
These words became top lookups on Merriam-Webster
beginning July 19, 2010.
Why:
On July 18, former Alaska governor Sarah Palin
tweeted a word that isn't in any dictionary:
Ground Zero Mosque supporters:
doesn't it stab you in the heart,
as it does ours throughout the heartland?
Peaceful Muslims, pls refudiate
Gov. Palin's coinage attracted interest in the two words
that seemed to have been blended into refudiate.
Refute and repudiate have related meanings,
and sound alike.
Refute means "to deny something by providing evidence
that proves it is false or incorrect";
repudiate means "to reject somethingas untrue or unfair."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
Words Unfit for Office
The ‘flubs' that got presidents (and candidates) in trouble with the critics
Refudiate
“Peaceful Muslims, pls refudiate” — Sarah Palin, in a tweet, 18 July 2010
About the Word:
Back in 2010, Sarah Palin brought to the forefront of national discourse the topics of neologisms, portmanteaus, and linguistic slips when she used the word refudiate a handful of times in various contexts. Many were agog at the notion that anyone could misuse refute or repudiate
(the words she was assumed to be combining), even though neither is particularly common. Palin, for her part, defended herself on Twitter, noting that English is a living language, and that Shakespeare was rather fond of coining new words as well.
This did little to assuage her critics.
She could have pointed out that she was hardly the first person to use this word.
A 1907 headline in The Evansville (Indiana) Courier read
‘Said Hughes Got Aid From the National Administration and Refudiated It.’
Numerous other instances of refudiatehave been found in the 20th century, in a wide variety of settings.
It can even be found in academic texts: the journal Archaeology had an article published in 1978 by William Rathje
(who received his PhD from Harvard)
which contained the line “A further pitfall in refudiating von Däniken's theories is our own lack of experience with certain simple tasks.”
None of these previous users of refudiate
attracted nearly the attention that Palin did,
and the word, for its part, appears to have little chance of seeing
enough continued use to make it a longstanding member of our language.
Definition:
apparently to both refuteand repudiate
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for deny
DENY, GAINSAY, CONTRADICT, CONTRAVENE
mean to refuse to accept as true or valid.
DENY implies a firm refusal to accept as true, to grant or concede, or to acknowledge the existence or claims of. denied the charges
GAINSAY implies disputing the truth of what another has said. no one can gainsay her claims
CONTRADICT implies an open or flat denial. her account contradicts his
CONTRAVENE implies not so much an intentional opposition as some inherent incompatibility. laws that contravene tradition
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Comey Asks Justice Department to Refute Wiretapping Claim
'To deny the truth or accuracy of'
6 Mar 2017
Lookups for refute spiked on March 6, 2017
after FBI director James Comey directed the Justice Department
to publicly reject President Trump’s claimthat President Obama had ordered phone lines at Trump Tower to be tapped during last year’s election campaign.
Refute was used in many headlines and articles reporting the story,
such as this one from The Washington Post:
FBI Director Comey asked Justice officials to refute Trump’s unproven wiretapping claim
Refute means “to prove wrongby argument or evidence,”
“to show to be false or erroneous,”
and can also mean “to deny the truth or accuracy of.”
It comes from the French verb refuter which traces back to the Latin verb refutare, meaning “to check,” “to suppress,” or “to refute.”
The Latin root -futare meant “to beat” and is also the origin of the related word, confute,which means “to overwhelm in argument” or “to refute conclusively.”
The original meaning of refute,
“to prove wrong” or “to show to befalse or erroneous”
(as in “The lawyer refuted the testimony of the witness”),
dates to the early 1500s. The meaning used in this instance, “to deny”
(as in “They refuted the allegations against them”)
first appeared in the late 1800s
and is sometimes considered a mistake by usage commentators.
This use is very common, however, and is frequently used by journalists in reporting the emphatic denials issued by those accused of wrongdoing.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
re·fut′er n.
Usage Note:
Traditionally, the verb refute has two meanings.
The first is "to prove to be false or erroneous,"
as in Charges of institutional bias against women were refuted by an analysis of the employment data.
In this example, it is clear that an argument was mustered
to demonstrate the falsity of the charges.
This usage is well established as standard.
The second meaning is "to deny the accuracy of,"
and in this use there is no mention or implication of
mustering evidence or detailed reasoning.
Rather, the refutation exists as a simple statement or claim.
This second use has been criticized as incorrector inappropriate
since the early 1900s, despite being common.
A majority of the Usage Panel accepts the use as a synonymof deny,
but not by a wide margin. In our 2002 survey, 62 percent accepted the example In the press conference, the senator categorically refuted the charges of malfeasance but declined to go into details.
This suggests that many readers are uncomfortablewith this usage
and would prefer to see deny in these contexts.
Beyond these two meanings,
refute is sometimes used to mean"to deny the validity of, repudiate,"
as in Observers are expecting the appeals court to refute the Microsoft breakup. The Panel has scant affection for this usage. Some 89 percent rejected the example just quoted in the 2002 survey.
Collins English Dictionary
reˈfuter n
Usage: The use of refute to mean deny
is thought by many people to be incorrect
Farlex Trivia Dictionary.
To rebut a statement is
to offer clear evidenceor a reasoned argument against it;
to refute a statement is
to prove it wrong (neithermeans "contradict" or "deny").
See also related terms for prove.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Refute & deny
Like repudiate,
refute is a stronger, more powerful wordthan deny.
To deny is to claim that an opinion, statement, allegation,
or charge is simply not true.
To refute is to “prove” that what ever is stated
or believed is false, erroneous, and groundless,
“Mrs. Cyrus will deny that she prepared a tasteless meal.”
“Here is my bank statement to refute your charge that I am penniless.”
“She denies that she left the dance early and has evidence to refute the rumor that she did.”
Refutable & irrefutable
These words are antonyms.
Refutable is an adjective appliedto charges, statements,
or beliefs that can be disputed, argued, and perhaps disproved.
Irrefutable means “not refutable,” “incontrovertible,” “undeniable,” “incontestable,” “notquestionable.”
Statement that can be challenged or confutedare refutable;
those that cannot be denied,
those the truth of which is clearly evident, are irrefutable.
