2020-12-20
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด R – Realize & know
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Realize = ‘REE-uh-lahyz’
ออกเสียง know = ‘NOH’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Know = to understand as true:
I know the sun will come up tomorrow.;
to be aware of: I know his eyes are green.;
to be acquainted with: I know her sister.
Not to be confused with:
no = a negative:
The answer is no.;
a refusal or denial: No, I don’t have it.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR KNOW
Know, comprehend, understand
imply being aware of meanings.
To know is to be aware of something as a fact or truth:
He knows the basic facts of the subject.
I know that he agrees with me.
To comprehend is to know something thoroughly
and to perceive its relationships to certain otherideas, facts, etc.
To understand is to be fully aware not only of
the meaning of something but also of itsimplications:
I could comprehend all he said, but did not understand that he was joking.
Dictionary.com
Ways To Confidently Say “I Don’t Know”
We don’t know about you,
but even though there’s a time and place for the phrase
I don’t know, it can also be overusedand misused.
I’m not sure is a close cousin, and another phrase for which
you may want to find a better choice
—a choice that can make you sound and feel
more confident and in control.
These are such common phrases,
it’s worth considering alternatives
that can help you better communicate.
Here at Thesaurus.com, our job is to offer up new words
to perk up your vocabulary—after all, that’s what a thesaurus is for!
Read on for some examples of how to turn
what might be a state of confusion intoa moment of conjecture.
Primarily used as a verb,
“to perceive or understand as factor truth;
to apprehend clearly and with certainty.”
In some cases, it’s used as a noun.
(For example, you might say, “Are you in the know?”
That means someone is in the loop
or otherwise informed about the topicat hand.)
Know is an old word, dating back to before the year 900.
As for sure, this adjective is definedas
“free from doubt as to the reliability, character, action, etc., of something.”
First evidence of it dates back to 1300–50,
and it’s derived from the Latin word sēcūrus, meaning “carefree.”
What to say instead of I don’t know
In some circumstances,
the phrases I don’t know or I’m not sure
can make you sound uninterested, unprofessional,
or unsure of yourself.
Here are some words you might want to tryinstead.
We’re just speculating here
If you’re uncertain, but have an inkling or a good guess,
you may want to speculate:
I’m just speculating here, but, I think this new advertising campaign will be a boon for our business.
If you speculate, you’re not saying anything is 100 percent certain,
but the word does give you an air of authority.
Dating back to the late 1500s, the word is derived from the Latin word speculārī, meaning “to watch over, explore, reconnoiter.”
To opine is fine
Even in the absence of clear facts,
you may have an opinion to share.
So you may want to opine
(“hold or express an opinion”) on a topic:
Regarding the latest poll, I would opine that this measure has a good chance of being approved by voters.
Postulate, perhaps
Much like the word speculation,
if you postulate, you are assuming without proof.
First evidence of the word dates back to 1525–35.
Postulate stems from the Latin word postulātum,
meaning “petition, thing requested.”
If you want to use this word,
you might say, “Without any evidence, I can only postulate as to what the results will be.”
Aver with authority
However, if you’re feeling pretty confident,
you may also say you aver.
A verb, its first definition is “to assert or affirmwith confidence;
declare in a positive or peremptory manner,”
while in legal circles it means “to allege as a fact.”
You might say,
“I aver that although the movie was the director’s best yet,
it didn’t really move me.”
Aver is related to the Latin word vērus (“true”).
Could it be conjecture?
If you must conjecture, you’re basically guessing,
but it sounds better than saying you don’t have a clue:
“Without any of the necessary data, I can only conjecture about what caused the security breach.”
Conjectūra is the Latin word for “inferring, reasoning.”
Have a clue?
Sometimes you may want to admit, “I’m clueless.”
For example,
if someone asks you what the capital of Paraguay is,
and you have no idea (it’s Asunción),
then there’s no need to conjecture or postulate.
Making assumptions … or presumptions?
you don’t have all the facts.
Presume, however, means
you have more reason to believe something,
while assume is a word that implies there’s little to no proof.
You can think of it as the difference between
an educated guess (presume)
and an uneducated guess (assume).
Try I presume the new boss is going to shake up our small team with several hires
or I can only assume my sister is still angry, but I have not spoken to her today.
A more casual alternative
Stepping away from the more authoritative, professional side of things,
if you’re looking for a shorter, much less formal version of the phrase
I don’t know, you could resort to dunno,
which has even fewer syllables than the abbreviation IDK.
While it sounds like modern slang,
the word was first recorded in the 1800s.
(Who said it first exactly? *Shrug.* We dunno.)
A last resort
So, we know (we know!),
sometimes you simply just don’t know.
And that’s okay; we’re not know-it-alls.
There are, however, plenty of surefire words and phrases
to turn to when you don’t want to simply state that fact.
And if all else fails,
there’s one key modern phrase
you should always have in your back pocket:
“Let’s Google that.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for realize
THINK, CONCEIVE, IMAGINE, FANCY, REALIZE, ENVISAGE, ENVISION
mean to form an idea of.
THINK implies the entrance of an idea into one's mind with or without deliberate consideration or reflection. I just thought of a good joke
CONCEIVE suggests the forming and bringing forth and usually developing of an idea, plan, or design. conceived of a new marketing approach
IMAGINE stresses a visualization. imagine you're at the beach
FANCY suggests an imagining often unrestrained by reality but spurred by desires. fancied himself a super athlete
REALIZE stresses a grasping of the significance of what is conceived or imagined. realized the enormity of the task ahead
ENVISAGE and ENVISION imply a conceiving or imagining that is especially clear or detailed. envisaged a totally computerized operation envisioned a cure for the disease
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The True Story of 'Realize' and 'Realise'
Two spellings, now an ocean apart
What to Know
Realize and realise are alternate spellings of the same word.
In the US and Canada, realize is by far the more common spelling.
In the UK, Australia, and New Zealand realise dominates,
though realize is sometimes usedtoo.
The discrepancy stems from a history of different dictionaries and publishers choosing their preferred versions until a pattern stuck.
Realize and realise are two different spellings of the same word.
Chances are, if you're reading something that originates in the US or Canada, you'll see realize.
And chances are, if you're reading something that originates in the UK, Australia, or New Zealand, you'll see realise.
We see this played out in current publications:
This is Bergin’s goal: To make women realize that sitting habits can be a risk factor for musculoskeletal problems, and that they may be able to avoid particular aches, pains and conditions by refusing to sit with their legs pressed together, crossed or otherwise anatomically scrunched.— Elizabeth Kiefer, The Washington Post, 19 Nov. 2019
The early pioneers of the BBC realised that radio could reach into every home and would provide a universal service for the public good.
— Hugh Chignell, The Guardian (London), 17 Nov. 2019
And it can be observed in literature of the past too:
The words were hardly spoken when she realized their infelicity.
— Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, 1905
Did she realise, to begin with, what a very small part of the world the land was? — Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out, 1913
Earliest Usage
We do not see it, however, in the earliest instances of the word in English.
The first examples of realize in print date to the early 17th century,
and even though the word was borrowed into English from the French réaliser, it was at first only rendered as realize in English.
It was almost a century and a half before realise began to appear
—first, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, in a letter by none other than lexicographer Samuel Johnson. He wrote on December 30, 1755, "Designs are nothing in human eyes till they are realised by execution."
British vs. American English
Johnson's famed dictionary was published that same year, but it did not include an entry for the word.
There is nothing in his A Dictionary of the English Language
between reaffirmance and realty. Nathan Bailey's 1721
An Universal Etymological English Dictionary,
however, had defined realize (and spelled it thus)
as "to cause a being real, to admit as a reality."
In going with the realise spelling, Johnson and those who followed his example nod to the word's French source word, réaliser.
The suffix -ize itself is likewise French, and has as its closest ancestor the Middle French suffix, -iser.
But the "z" is present etymologically just beyond -iser.
That suffix comes from the Late Latin -izare, and ultimately from the Greek suffix -izein.
The realize spelling used on this side of the Atlantic owes something of a debt to someone near and dear to our hearts, here at Merriam-Webster. Our lexicographical forefather, Noah Webster, was a great believer in spelling reform, and was in a powerful position to make that reform a reality.
Among his many contributions to distinctly American spelling was his insistence that words like realize have a "z" to match their \z\ .
In his 1806 A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, he favored realize as well as cruize, merchandize (noun), praize, and poize.
He allowed for both surprise and surprize.
Webster of course won some and lost others of those -ize battles.
While American English consistently coins words with -ize
rather than -ise,
there are plenty of words that are spelled with ise
despite sounding like they have a "z" in them:
wise, surmise, advise, rise, franchise, and many others.
So how did we wind up with the current situation?
Lynne Murphy, in her book The Prodigal Tongue,
an in-depth investigation of the differences between American and British English, reports that a 19th century explosion of English coinages with the suffix in question (most appearing first in British English)
coincided with a rash of French -ise borrowings,
such as galvanise, mobilise, and polarise,
and that during this same period—the mid-1800s
—there was a shift toward the -ise spellings in British English overall.
The Oxford English Dictionary's decision in 1884 to simplify the matter by uniformly listing the -ize spellings of verbs before their -ise variants (because of the Greek etymon -izein we mentioned above)
led to an increase in the use of -ize in British English for a time,
so that both spellings were fully acceptable.
Modern Usage of -Ise vs. Ize
But then, explains Murphy,
in the 1990s two influential publishers took a stand for -ise: both
The Times of London and Cambridge University Press
determined to use -ise rather than -ize.
Around the same time, people were exploring the Internet
—and English beyond their corner of the globe
—as never before,
and a notion that -ize was a creation of American English
took hold in British English,
inspiring in some a fierce resolution to embrace the -ise spellings overall, and to leave -ize to that transatlantic upstart with the inferior version of the language.
And that is how we got to where we are today:
with realize being by far the favored form in American and Canadian writing,
and realise being mostly the favored form in British and Australasian English.
And all of us being forced to realize that English can be so very complicated.
References:
Lynne Murphy, The Prodigal Tongue (New York: Penguin Books, 2018), pgs. 148-151.
"realize," OED Online, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/158938. Accessed 11/19/2019.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Recognize – realize
1. 'recognize'
If you recognize someone or something,
you know who or what they are because you have seen them before,
or because they have been described to you.
She didn't recognize me at first.
Doctors are trained to recognize the symptoms of depression.
If you recognize something such as a problem,
you accept that it exists.
Governments are beginning to recognize the problem.
We recognize this as a genuine need.
2. 'realize'
If you become aware of a fact,
don't say that you 'recognize' it.
Say that you realize it.
I realized Martha was right.
She realized that she was going to be late.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Understand – realize
1. 'understand'
If you can understand someone
or can understand what they are saying,
you know what they mean.
His lecture was confusing; no one could understand the terminology.
Her accent was hard to understand.
If you say that you understand that something is true,
you mean that you have been told that it is true.
I understand he's been married before.
There was no definite evidence, I understand.
2. 'realize'
Don't use understand to say that someone becomes aware of something. Don't say, for example, 'Until he stopped working he hadn't understood how late it was'.
You say 'Until he stopped working he hadn't realized how late it was'.
As soon as I saw him, I realized that I'd seen him before.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Know
1. awareness of facts
If you know that something is true, you are aware that it is true.
The past tense of know is knew.
The -ed participle is known.
I knew that she had recently graduated from law school.
I should have known that something was seriously wrong.
Be Careful!
Don't use a progressive form with know.
Don't say, for example, 'I am knowing that this is true'.
You say 'I know that this is true'.
2. 'I know'
If someone tells you a fact that you already know,
or if they say something and you agree,
you say 'I know'.
'That's not their fault, Peter.' – 'Yes, I know.'
'This pizza is great' – 'I know.'
In American English you can also say 'I know it' in this situation.
However, this often indicates that you are angryor annoyed.
'The speed limit here is 35.' – 'Yeah, I know it.
'
3. 'let...know'
If you say that you will let someone know something,
you mean that you will give them some informationwhen you receive it,
or if you receive it.
I'll find out about the car and let you know what's happened.
Let me know if she calls.
4. acquaintance and familiarity
If you know a person, place, or thing,
you are acquainted with them or are familiarwith them.
Do you know David?
He knew London well.
Do you know the poem 'Kubla Khan'?
5. 'get to know'
If you want to say that someone gradually becomes acquainted
with a person or gradually becomes familiar with a place,
you say that they get to know the person or place.
I got to know some of the staff quite well.
I really wanted to get to know America.
Be Careful!
Don't use know without get to to mean 'become acquainted with'.
6. 'know how to'
If you know how to do something,
you have the necessary knowledge to do it.
No one knew how to repair it.
Do you know how to drive?
Don't say that someone 'knows to' do something.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Realize & know
Realize means ”to grasp clearly,” “to understand fully.”
It is a stronger word than know,
which also mean “to perceive” or “to apprehend”
but without the thoroughness and completeness
suggested by realizer.
Realize also suggest the idea of warningor emphasizing.
“I know that you are tire.”
“Do you realize that you might catch a cold in your weakened condition?”
“You know that you are already late, but do you realize what the penalties for lateness may be?”
