2020-12-11
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – pupil & student & scholar
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Pupil = ‘PYOO-puhl’
ออกเสียง student = ‘STOOD-nt’
ออกเสียง scholar =’SKOL-er’
Dictionary.com
Synonym study for Pupil
Pupil, disciple, scholar, student
refer to a person who is studying, usually in a school.
A pupil is one under the close supervision of a teacher,
either because of youth orof specialization in some branch of study:
a grade-school pupil; the pupil of a famous musician.
A disciple is one who follows the teachings
or doctrines of a person whom he or she considers to be a master or authority:
a disciple of Swedenborg.
Scholar, once meaning the same as pupil,
is today usually applied to one who has acquired wide erudition
in some field of learning:
a great Latin scholar.
A student is a person attending an educational institution
or someone who has devoted much attention to a particular problem:
a college student; a student of politics
Dictionary.com
BEHIND THE WORD
Where does student come from?
The word student entered English around 1350–1400.
It ultimately derives from the Latin studēre.
The meaning of this verb is one we think
will resonate with a lot of actual studentsout there: “to take pains.”
No, we’re not making this up:
a student, etymologically speaking,
can be understood a “pains-taker”!
In Latin, studēre had many other senses, though,
and ones that some students may have a harder timerelating to.
Studēre could also mean “to desire, be eager for,
be enthusiastic about, busy oneself with,
apply oneself to, be diligent, pursue, study.”
The underlying idea of student,then, is about striving
—for new knowledge and abilities.
It’s about that mix of hard work and passion. Isn’t that inspirational?
Dig deeper
We don’t think you have to be
a student of etymology to make the connection between
student and study.
Like student, the verb study also comes from the Latin studēre.
The noun study
—as in The scientists conducted a sleep study
or Her favorite room of her house is the study
—is also related to studēre and is more immediately derived from
the Latin noun studium, meaning“zeal, inclination,” among other senses.
But not all connections between words are so obvious.
Consider student and tweezers.
Would you have guessed this unlikely pair of words share a common root?
Let’s, um, pick this apart.
Tweezers are small pincers or nippers for plucking our hairs,
extracting splinters, picking up small objects, and so forth.
The word entered English in the mid-1600s, based on tweeze,
an obsolete noun meaning “case of surgical instruments,”
which contained what we now call tweezers.
Losing its initial E along the way, tweeze comes from etweese,
which is an English rendering of the French etui,
a type of small case used to hold needles, cosmetic instruments, and the like.
Etui can ultimately be traced back to the Latin stūdiāre, “to treat with care,”
related to the same studēre.
This is how student is related to, of all things, tweezers.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
Puppies, Puppets, and Pupils: A Little History
Three very different words that came from the same place
For hundreds of years amateur etymologistshave
looked at words that share some initial group of letters,
and based on little more than similarity have decidedthat
they must share some origin.
Such hunches are, sadly, frequently not correct.
But it's also the case that some related wordshave over the years
drifted so far from each other in meaningthat we no longer think of them
as semantically related.
Such is the case with words meaning "a student," "a young dog," and "a marionette.”
may all be traced to the Latin word pupa ("girl").
When English first took on pupil,borrowed in the 14th century from French,
the meaning of the word was used to designate an orphan,
or "a boy or a girl under the age of puberty and in the care of a guardian."
Duryng these gaynes in the lowe partes, he caused the duke of Lorayn to enter into hygh Burgoyn with a great army, whiche by policie & promises brought the whole Duchie vnder obedience of the French kyng, which then claymed to haue the order and mariage of the yonge lady, as a pupille, ward and orphane, aperteyning to the croune of Fraunce, for the which title after rose no smal mischief, and troble in Flaunders, and the countreys thereaboute. — Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and Yorke, 1548
And yes, the "aperture in the iris of the eye"sense of pupil is also from this same Latin source, although the English words developed independently.
The use of pupil to describe a part of the eye is thought to have come from the tiny reflection of oneself seen in the eye of another.
In addition to "girl," pupa could also mean "doll" in Latin,
and this sense of the word gave rise to the Middle French poupée ("doll or toy").
When Middle English took this word it changed to popi,
and initially had the meaning of "a small dog used especially as a woman's pet."
Notwithstanding many make much of those pretty puppies called Spaniels gentle,
yet if the question were demaunded what propertie in them they saye, which shoulde make them so acceptable and precious in their sight, I doubt their aunswere would be long a coyning. — John Caius, Of Englishe Dogges, 1576
Within a century puppy had taken on the slightly extended meaning which it most commonly has today, "a young domestic dog; specifically, one less than a year old."
The entry into English and
subsequent shift in meaning of both pupil and puppy is fairly clear;
for puppet it is somewhat murkier.
For while we are certain that the word comes from pupa it is not obvious
which was its first English meaning.
The sense of "a small-scale figure of a human or other living being" has been in use since the 1530s:
... as a puppet which springeth vp & doune & crythe pepe pepe and gothe his waye so do you make a countenaunce of greet holynes — Robert Barnes, A Supplicatyon, 1531
However, puppet was also being used in the 1530s in anti-Catholic writings, often in reference to the Pope, in a manner that is similar to the modern sense which we might think as figurative ("one whose acts are controlled by an outside force or influence").
Yes say the papystes, it is mete that there be one that dare boldly tell Emperours, kynges and prynces theyr faultes, as who sholde saye that no man sauynge the puppet of Rome durst purely and syncerely preche, teche, and wryte the holy worde of god, wherein as in a moost true myrrour and glasse, bothe kyngis, Emperours, & other, may beholde & se ye spottes of their soules. — Thomas Swinnerton, A Mustre Of Scismaticyke Bysshopes, 1534
Theyr pope, their puppet, their idole, their romayn god wyll not out of their hartis.
— Richard Morrison, A Lamentation in vvhiche is Shevved what Ruyne and Destruction Cometh of Seditious Rebellyon, 1536
Both puppet and puppy have lent themselves to the creation of
numerous compound nouns over the centuries.
Many of these,
such as puppy love ("transitory love or affection felt by a child or adolescent") and puppet government ("a government which is endowed with the outward symbols of authority but in which direction and control are exercised by another power") are still very much in common use.
Others, such as the near-inexplicable puppy-water
(defined by the OED as "the urine of a puppy, formerly used as a cosmetic") are quite obsolete.
This concludes the portion of today's lesson on 'words which we are thankful are obsolete.'
Farlex Trivia Dictionary
Student =
- educand - A student.
- grammatist - A student of grammar.
- oenologist - A "student of wine."
- civilian - First a student or practitioner of civil law.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
WHICH WORD?
student / pupil / undergraduate
graduate / postgraduate
A student is a person who is studying at a school, college, university, etc.
In BrE until recently pupil was used for children at school,
but this is becoming old-fashioned and student is used instead,
except for young children.
An undergraduate is a student
who is studying for their first degree at a university or college.
In BrE,a graduate is a person who has completed a first degree at a university or college.
In AmE graduate is usually used with another noun
and can also apply to a person who hasfinished high school:
a high school graduate * a graduate student.
A postgraduate is a person who has finished a first degree
and is doing advanced study or research.
This is the usual term in BrE, but it is formal in AmE
and graduate student is usually used instead.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
WORD CHOICE:
student, schoolchild, pupil
In British English,
a student usually means someone who has finished school
and is studying at university :
We met when we were students.
student accommodation
Children who go to school can be called schoolchildren, schoolboys or schoolgirls:
A group of schoolchildren got on the bus.
The children at a particular school can be called its pupils :
Pupils at the school were sent home early.
In American English, student is the usual word for anyone
who is studying at school or college.
GRAMMAR
To say that someone is studying at a particular university, use at:
She's a student at York University.
A student of literature, law etc studies that subject,
but it is more usual to say 'a literature/law student'.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
pupil & student & scholar
These words have related meanings,
but pupil is usually applied to someone in elementary school,
student to one in high school orcollege, and
Scholar to a mature person who is devoted to learning.
“This little girl is a pupil in the second grade.”
“Del Auray was a good student in high school and an even better one in college.”
“It is said that more than 1,000 serious scholars can be found in the British Museum at any one time.”
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Scholar
A scholar is a child or student who has obtained a scholarship,
by which they obtain money for their studies from their school or university,
or from some other organization.
...a Rhodes scholar.
A person who studies an academic subject
and knows a lot about it is sometimes referred to as a scholar.
This is a rather old-fashioned use.
...Benjamin Jowett, the theologian and Greek scholar.
See student
Collins COBUILD English Usag
1. 'student'
In British English,
a student is usually someone who is studying
or training at a university or college.
The doctor was accompanied by a medical student.
They met when they were students at Edinburgh University.
In American English,
anyone who studies at a school, college, or university
can be referred to as a student.
People studying at a school are also sometimes called students in BritishEnglish.
She teaches math to high school students.
Not enough secondary school students are learning a foreign language.
2. 'schoolchildren'
In British English,
children attending schools are often referred togenerally as schoolchildren, schoolboys,or schoolgirls.
Each year the museum is visited by thousands of schoolchildren.
A group of schoolgirls were walking along the road.
3. 'pupils'
In Britain, the children attending a particular school
are usually referred to as its pupils.
The school has more than 1300 pupils.
Some pupils' behaviour was causing concern.
