2020-11-20
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด O – Or & -or
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Or = ‘AWR’ (unstressed)
[suffix ‘-or’ (US Spelling) =suffix ‘-our’ (British Spelling)]
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR AND/OR
The combination and/or is used primarily inbusiness and legal writing:
All dwellings and/or other structures on the property are included in the contract.
Because of these business and legal associations,
some object to the use of this combination ingeneral writing,
where it occasionally occurs:
She spends much of her leisure time entertaining and/or traveling.
In such writing, either and or or isusually adequate.
If a greater distinction is needed, anotherphrasing is available:
Would you like cream or sugar, or both?
COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY
USAGE FOR AND/OR
Many people think that and/or is only acceptable in legal and commercial contexts.
In other contexts, it is better to use or both:
some alcoholics lose their jobs or their driving licences or both
(not their jobs and/or their driving licences)
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
When all the elements in a series connected by or are singular,
the verb they govern is singular:
Tom or Jack is coming. Beer, ale, or wine is included in the charge.
When all the elements are plural, the verb isplural.
When the elements do not agree in number,
some grammarians have suggested that the verb should agree in number with the nearest element:
Tom or his sisters are coming.
The girls or their brother is coming.
Cold symptoms or headache is the usual first sign.
Other grammarians, however, have argued that such constructions are inherently illogical and that the only solution is to revise the sentence to avoid the problem of agreement:
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are.
The usual first sign may be either cold symptoms or a headache.
See Usage Notes at and/or, either, neither, nor1.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
usage:
The -or spelling of the suffix -or1 is characteristic of American English,
with occasional exceptions.
In British English -our is stillthe most common spelling,
-or often being retained whencertain suffixes are added,
as in coloration, honorary, and laborious.
The English of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa tends to mirror British practice, whereas Canadian English is about equally divided between U.S. and British forms
.―The suffix -or2 is now spelled -or in all forms of English,
except for the word savior, once often spelled saviour in the U.S.
as in Britain, esp. with reference to Jesus.
But the official spelling of Catholics, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Methodists is now savior; saviour is now only British.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR -OR
While the -or spelling of the suffix -or1 is characteristic of American English, there are occasional exceptions,
as in advertising copy, where spellings
such as colour and favour seek to suggest the allure and exclusiveness of a product.
The spelling glamour is somewhat more common than glamor
—not actually an instance of -or1,
but conformed to it orthographically in the course of the word's history.
In British English -our is still the spelling in most widespread use,
-or being commonly retained when certain suffixes are added,
as in color ation, honor ary, honor ific, labor ious, odor iferous.
The English of the Southern Hemisphere (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) tends to mirror British practice, whereas Canadian English shares with the U.S. a preference for -or but with -our spellings as freely used variants.
The suffix -or2 is now spelled -or in all forms of English, with the exception of the word savior, often spelled saviour in the U.S. as well as in Britain, especially with reference to Jesus.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
or
1. basic uses
You use or when you are mentioning two or more alternatives or possibilities.
You use or to link words, phrases, or clauses.
Would you like some coffee or tea, Dr Floyd?
It is better to delay planting if the ground is very wet or frosty.
Do you want to go to the beach or spend time at home?
2. used with negative words
You use or instead of 'and' after usinga negative word.
For example, say 'I do not like coffee or tea'.
Don't say 'I do not like coffee and tea'.
The situation is not fair on the children or their parents.
It is not poisonous and will not harm any animals or birds.
The house is not large or glamorous.
3. verb agreement
When you link two or more nouns using or,
you use a plural verb after plural countable nouns,
and a singular verb after singular countable or uncountable nouns.
Even minor changes or developments were reported in the press.
If your son or daughter is failing at school, it is no use being angry.
4. 'either ... or'
You use either with or when you are mentioning two alternatives
and you want to say that no other alternatives are possible.
Either goes in front of the first alternative and or goes in front of the second one.
Replace it with a broadband access device, either rented or costing around $500.
See either ... or
After neither, you usually use nor.
He speaks neither English nor German.
See neither ... nor
5. linking more than two items
When you are linking more than two items,
you usually only put or in front ofthe last one.
After each of the others you put a comma.
Often the comma is omitted in front of or.
Flights leave from Heathrow, Manchester, Gatwick, or Glasgow.
Students are asked to take another course in English, science or mathematics.
6. beginning a sentence with 'or'
You don't normally put or at the beginning of a sentence,
but you can sometimes do so when you are reporting what someone says or thinks.
I may go home and have a steak. Or I may have some spaghetti.
7. used for correcting
You can use or when you are correcting a mistake you have made,
or when you think of a better way of saying something.
We were considered by the others to be mad, or at least very strange.
