2020-11-15
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N – Not & not only…but also & not too
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง not = ‘NOT’
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
The positioning of not and other negatives in a sentence
is important to avoid ambiguity.
The sentence All classes are not open to enrollment
could be taken to mean
either "All classes are closed to enrollment"
or "Not all classes are open to enrollment."
Similarly,
the sentence Kim didn't sleep until noon
could mean either "Kim went to sleep at noon"
or "Kim got up before noon."
Not only and but also are usually classified as correlative conjunctions. They add emphasis to each part of the construction
and suggest that the second part is particularly unexpected or surprising. As with both ... and andother correlatives,
parallelism requires that each conjunction
be followed by a construction of the same grammatical type.
Thus, She not only bought a new car but also a new lawnmower
displays faulty parallelism,
where She bought not only a new car but also a new lawnmower does not, because both not only and but also are followed by noun phrases.
See Usage Note at only.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Not is used with verbs to form negative sentences.
1. position of 'not'
You put not after the first auxiliary verb or modal, if there is one.
They are not seen as major problems.
They might not even notice.
Adrina realised that she had not been listening to him.
If there is no other auxiliary verb,
you use do as the auxiliary verb. After not you use the base form of a verb.
The girl did not answer.
He does not speak English very well.
In conversation,
when not is used after be, have, do, or a modal,
it is not usuallypronounced in full.
When you write down what someone says,
you usually represent not as n't
and add it to the verb in front of it.
In some cases, the verb also changes its form.
You nearly always use an auxiliary verb
when you want to make a negative form of a verb using not.
Don't say, for example, 'I not liked it' or 'I liked not it'.
You say 'I didn't like it'.
There are two exceptions to this.
When you use not with be,
don't use an auxiliary verb. You simplyput not after be.
I'm not sure about this.
The program was not a success.
When have is a main verb, not is sometimes added without an auxiliary verb,
but only in the short forms hasn't, haven't, and hadn't.
You haven't any choice.
The sky hadn't a cloud in it.
However, it is more common to use the forms doesn't have, don't have, and didn't have.
This question doesn't have a proper answer.
We don't have any direct control of the prices.
I didn't have a cheque book.
Be Careful!
When you use not to make what you are saying negative,
you don't usually use another negative word
such as 'nothing', 'never', or 'none'.
Don't say, for example, 'I don't know nothing about it'.
You say 'I don't know anything about it'.
2. 'not really'
You can make a negative statement more polite or less strong by using really after not.
It doesn't really matter.
I don't really want to be part of it.
You can reply to some questions by saying 'Not really'.
3. 'not very'
When you make a negative statement using not and an adjective,
you can make the statement less strong by putting very in front of the adjective.
I'm not very interested in the subject.
That's not a very good arrangement.
Be Careful!
Although you can say that something is not very good,
don't use 'not' in front of other words meaning 'very good'.
Don't say, for example, that something is 'not excellent' or 'not marvelous'.
4. used with to-infinitives
You can use not with a to-infinitive.
You put not in front of to, not after it.
The Prime Minister has asked us not to discuss the issue publicly any more.
I decided not to go in.
5. 'not' in contrasts
You can use not to link two words or expressions.
You do this to point out that something is the case,
and to contrast it with what is not the case.
So they went by plane, not by car.
He is now an adult, not a child.
You can make a similar contrast by changingthe order of the words or expressions.
When you do this, you put not in front of the first word or expression and but in front of the second one.
This story is not about the past, but about the future.
He was caught, not by the police, but by a man who recognised him.
6. used with sentence adverbs
You can use not with surprisingly and unexpectedly
to make a negative comment about a statement.
Laura, not surprisingly, disliked discussing the subject.
The great man had died, not unexpectedly and very quietly, in the night.
7. 'not all'
Not is sometimes used with all and with words beginning with every-
to form the subject of a sentence.
For example, instead of saying 'Some snakes are not poisonous',
you can say 'Not all snakes are poisonous'.
Not all the houses have central heating.
Not everyone agrees with me.
8. 'not only'
Not only is often used with but or but also
to link two words or phrases.
See not only
9. 'not' in short replies
You can use not at the end of a short reply
in order to give your opinion.
For example, you can say 'I hope not', 'Probably not', or 'Certainly not'.
'Will it happen again?' – 'I hope not.'
'I hope she won't die.' – 'Die? Certainly not!'
Collins COBUILD English Usage
not only
1. used with 'but' or 'but also'
You use not only to link two words or phrases
that refer to things, actions, or situations.
You put not only in front of the first word or group,
and but or but also in front of the second one.
The second thing is usually more surprising, interesting, or important
than the first one.
The government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance.
We asked not only what the children had learnt but also how they had learnt it.
2. used with a pronoun
When you are linking phrases that begin with a verb,
you can omit 'but' or 'but also' and use a personal pronoun instead.
For example,
instead of saying 'Margaret not only came to the party but brought her aunt as well',
you can say 'Margaret not only came to the party, she brought her aunt as well'.
Her interest in this work not only continued, it increased.
3. putting 'not only' first
For emphasis, you can put not only first,
followed by an auxiliary verb or be, then the subject, then the main verb.
Not only did they send home large amounts, but they also saved money.
Not only do they rarely go on school trips, they rarely, if ever, leave Brooklyn.
Not only must come first when you are linking two clauses which have different subjects.
Not only were the local people old, but the women still dressed in long black dresses.
Not only were many of the roads closed, many bridges had also been blown up.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Not only…. But also
This construction is common in the speech and writing of many persons who probably have no idea that they are using correlative conjunction:
“Not only Fred But also Lynn and Susie are planning to go.”
“She was not only cold but also hungry.”
Two problems arise in connection with this construction:
- (1) When to use it and
- (2) Where to place the words.
The phrases not only implies “partly,”
so that it is normally followed by but also
(or some equivalent word or phrase like as well, in addition, moreover, furthermore, or too).
It makes no sense to say “It was partly this, but that.”
It does make sense to say “It was partly this, but also that.”
However, some construction do not require the use of also.
Also should be dropped from a sentence
such as “Diane is not only a dancer, but also an excellent dancer.”
Another point: the not only …. but alsoconstruction
is overused in many instances where and would do as well and save wordage.
It is correct to write “Not only my hope but also my definite plan centered on becoming a chemist.”
It also is correct (and less wordy) to say “My hope and definite plans centered ……….”
Correctly placing the words in this construction depends upon parallelism, which requires that the parts of speech or grammatical construction following not only and but also be parallel (of the same kind).
Revise a sentence
such as “Kelly said that Marian not only know Don but also Don’s brother” to read “Kelly said that Marian know not only Don but also Don’s brother”
(a noun to follow each part of the construction).
If the construction following not only is aninfinitive,
that which follows but also should be an infinitive as well:
a clause follows a clause, a phrase follows a phrase and so forth.
Usage note: “not too”
In this often-used phrase, too means “very” or “much”:
“I am not too sure I want to do that.”
“I am not too inclined to pay the bill.”
Not too is an example of litotes, a term meaning “understatement,”
as in not bad for good andfar from certain for uncertain.
Not too is useful in suggesting modesty or an unwilling to be dogmatic
(I am not too sure of my position), and there is nothing incorrect about it.
The use of a negative with its opposite is standardpractice,
but the device has become trite.
