2020-10-23 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I – Irony - satire - sarcasm
2020-10-23
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I – Irony - satire - sarcasm
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Irony = ‘AHY-ruh-nee’ or ‘AHY-er-nee’
ออกเสียง satire = ‘SAT-ahyuhr’
ออกเสียง sarcasm = ‘SAHR-kaz-uhm’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
satire
the use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc.,
to expose folly or vice or to lampoon someone;
burlesque, caricature, parody
Not to be confused with:
satyr – one of a class of Greek woodland gods
with a goat’s or horse’s ears and tail and budding horns;
a lustful or sensual man; lecher
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
SYNONYM STUDY FOR IRONY
syn: irony, satire, sarcasm indicate mockery of a person or thing.
irony is exhibited in the organization or structure
of either language or literary material.
It indirectly presents a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs.
One thing is said and its opposite implied,
as in “Beautiful weather, isn't it?” said when it is raining.
Ironic literature exploits the contrast between an ideal and an actual condition,
as when events turn out contrary to expectations.
satire, also a literary and rhetorical form,
is the use of ridicule in exposing human vice and folly.
Jonathan Swift wrote social and political satires.
sarcasm is a harsh and cutting type of humor.
Its distinctive quality is present in the spoken word;
it is manifested chiefly by vocal inflection.
Sarcastic language may have the form of irony,
as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!”,
or it may be a direct statement,
as in “You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants!”
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR SATIRE
Satire, lampoon refer toliterary forms in which vices or follies are ridiculed.
Satire, the general term, often emphasizes the weakness more than the weak person, and usually implies moral judgment and corrective purpose:
Swift's satire of human pettiness and bestiality.
Lampoon refers to a form ofsatire, often political or personal, characterized by the malice or virulence of its attack: lampoons of the leading political figures.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR IRONY
Irony, sarcasm, satire indicate mockery of something or someone.
The essential feature of irony is the indirect presentation of a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs.
In the figure of speech, emphasis is placed on the opposition between the literal and intended meaning of a statement; one thing is said and its opposite implied,
as in the comment, “Beautiful weather, isn't it?” made when it is raining or nasty.
Ironic literature exploits, in addition to the rhetorical figure,
such devices as character development, situation, and
plot to stress the paradoxical nature of reality or the contrast between an ideal and actual condition, set of circumstances, etc.,
frequently in such a way as to stress the absurdity present in the contradiction between substance and form.
Irony differs from sarcasm in greater subtlety and wit.
In sarcasm ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously,
for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!” or it may be used in the form of a direct statement,
“You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants.”
The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony, arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material.
Satire usually implies the use of irony or sarcasm for censorious or critical purposes and is often directed at public figures or institutions, conventional behavior, political situations, etc.
Dictionary.com
Is Ironic The Most Abused Word In English?
Often the word ironic is misused to remark on a coincidence,
such as This is the third time today we’ve run into each other. How ironic.
It is also mistakenly used to describe something out of the ordinary or unusual:
Yesterday was a beautiful, warm day in November. It was really ironic.
And, unfortunately, it is sometimes used to simply emphasize something interesting. For example, Ironically, it was the best movie I’ve seen all year!
We submit that ironic might be the most abused word in the English language.
What about the song?
Even Alanis Morissette was called out for being too loose with the word in her 1995 hit “Ironic.” The critics were so sharp that Morissette was forced to explain that she wasn’t trying to make every lyric in the song “technically ironic.”
So, what does the word really mean?
And how do you make a proper ironic statement?
An ironic remark conveys a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning.
So, in an ironic statement one thing is said, while another thing is meant.
For example, if you were trying to be ironic on a stormy, dreary day,
you might say, “What glorious weather!”
Or if you were suffering from a bad cold, you might ironically say,
“I feel like a million bucks.”
These are both examples of verbal irony, the most common occurrence of the figure of speech.
Irony vs. sarcasm
Irony is often confused with sarcasm.
While the two are similar, in sarcasmthere is a stronger intent to ridicule or mock, often harshly or crudely.
Dramatic irony is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.
Situational irony is an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected.
This third type is the most prone to ambiguity and personal interpretation, setting up the potential for misunderstanding and misuse.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for irony
WIT, HUMOR, IRONY, SARCASM, SATIRE, REPARTEE
mean a mode of expression intended to arouse amusement.
WIT suggests the power to evoke laughter by remarks showing verbal felicity or ingenuity and swift perception especially of the incongruous. a playful wit
HUMOR implies an ability to perceive the ludicrous, the comical, and the absurd in human life and to express these usually without bitterness. a sense of humor
IRONY applies to a manner of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is seemingly expressed. the irony of the title
SARCASM applies to expression frequently in the form of irony that is intended to cut or wound. given to heartless sarcasm
SATIRE applies to writing that exposes or ridicules conduct, doctrines, or institutions either by direct criticism or more often through irony, parody, or caricature. a satire on the Congress
REPARTEE implies the power of answering quickly, pointedly, or wittily. a dinner guest noted for repartee
What's irony?
Considerable thought is given to what events constitute “true” irony, and the dictionary is often called upon to supply an answer.
Here are the facts about how the word irony is used.
Irony has two formal usesthat are not as common in general prose as its more casual uses.
One refers to Socratic irony—a method of revealing an opponent’s ignorance by pretending to be ignorant yourself and asking probing questions.
The other refers to dramatic irony or tragic irony—an incongruity between the situation in a drama and the words used by the characters that only the audience can see. Socratic irony is a tool used in debating;
dramatic irony is what happens when the audience realizes that Romeo and Juliet’s plans will go awry.
The third, and debated, use of irony regards what’s called situational irony.
Situational irony involves a striking reversal of what is expected or intended:
a person sidesteps a pothole to avoid injury and in doing so steps into another pothole and injures themselves.
Critics claim the words irony and ironic as they are used in cases lacking a striking reversal,
such as “Isn’t it ironic that you called just as I was planning to call you?,”
are more properly called coincidence.
The historical record shows that irony and ironic have been used imprecisely for almost 100 years at least, and often to refer to coincidence. This 1939 quote from F. Scott Fitzgerald is typical: "It is an ironic thought that the last picture job I took—against my better judgment—yielded me five thousand dollars five hundred and cost over four thousand in medical attention." Is this true situational irony? It’s debatable.
The word irony has come to be applied to events that are merely curious or coincidental,
and while some feel this is an incorrect use of the word, it is merely a new one.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for satire
WIT, HUMOR, IRONY, SARCASM, SATIRE, REPARTEE
mean a mode of expression intended to arouse amusement.
WIT suggests the power to evoke laughter by remarks showing verbal felicity or ingenuity and swift perception especially of the incongruous. a playful wit
HUMOR implies an ability to perceive the ludicrous, the comical, and the absurd in human life and to express these usually without bitterness. a sense of humor
IRONY applies to a manner of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is seemingly expressed. the irony of the title
SARCASM applies to expression frequently in the form of irony that is intended to cut or wound. given to heartless sarcasm
SATIRE applies to writing that exposes or ridicules conduct, doctrines, or institutions either by direct criticism or more often through irony, parody, or caricature. a satire on the Congress
REPARTEE implies the power of answering quickly, pointedly, or wittily. a dinner guest noted for repartee
The Culinary Roots of Satire
Satire came into English at the beginning of the 16th century, and the meaning of the word has not strayed very far from its original sense. The initial uses were primarily applied to poems, and the term now has a broader applicability.
Satire has a semantic and etymological overlap with both farce and lampoon. Farce
("a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot") came into English as a synonym for forcemeat, meaning "finely chopped and highly seasoned meat or fish that is either served alone or used as a stuffing."
Lampoon ("a harsh satire usually directed against an individual") is thought to come from the French lampons!, meaning "let us guzzle!" And satire is believed to trace back to the Latin satur, meaning "well-fed."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
Irony
After a widely read essay offered ways to "live without irony" ...
When:
Lookups peaked on November 19, 2012.
Why:
"How to Live Without Irony," an essay in the New York Times, generated a lot of discussion online and offline.
Whether or not readers agreed with the critique
("If irony is the ethos of our age – and it is – then the hipster is our archetype of ironic living") many people went to the dictionary to explore the meaning of a notoriously slippery word.
Irony means "the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning."
This definition is now often broadened beyond just words; an example given in the article is that of a young adult man wearing a Justin Bieber T-shirt next to a young teenage girl wearing the same T-shirt.
Irony comes from the Greek word that means "one who hides under a false appearance."
It's also likely that many people look up the word irony
because the word ironic is often used to mean surprising or coincidental.
We've even made an Ask the Editor video about this confusion.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Irony
Definition:
: the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning
Example:
"It is the oldest ironies that are still the most satisfying: man, when preparing for bloody war, will orate loudly and most eloquently in the name of peace." ― Alan Moore, Watchmen, published as a collection in 1987
About the Word:
Students study various forms of irony, ranging from dramatic irony to verbal irony. The word irony itself traces back to the Greek character Eiron, a comic underdog whose wit enabled him to triumph over the boastful Alazon.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Irony and ironic both attracted a considerable amount of attention,
after President Donald Trump employed the latter word in a manner that many people felt did not, in fact, bespeak irony.
This word, which may be traced back to the Greek eirōn ("dissembler"), is what we might technically refer to as a tricky word.
Much ink has been shed over the past hundred years, in attempts to properly define exactly what irony is.
No matter how many treatises and paper have been written, and no matter how many definitions have been crafted, the English-speaking people have persisted in channeling Humpty Dumpty, and using irony to mean just what they choose it to mean.
This week also saw the anniversary of the day on which Allied forces began the invasion of France in World War II: June 6 1944. This specific date is known as D-day, although the term has been in use since at least 1918, referring to a day set for launching an operation. The D in D-day, somewhat confusingly, is an abbreviation of day.
Feckless remained high in lookups throughout the past week, courtesy of the imbroglio occasioned by Samantha Bee, who had earlier used this word as a modifier for a term which we do define, but typically do not promote on social media. The feck in feckless is not a euphemism, despite what your friends on Reddit tell you; it is a Scottish word, in this context meaning “value, worth.” And in case you were wondering, feckless does indeed have an antonym, albeit one that is little used: feckful (it means “efficient, effective”).
The Supreme Court issued a ruling in favor of the owners of Masterpiece Cakeshop, a Colorado bakery whose owners had refused to make a wedding cake for a gay couple. The decision was widely described as “narrow,” which led to a degree of confusion for some, as the justices were split 7 to 2. Narrow is a polysemous word, with many possible meanings, and in this context was being used in the sense “limited in size or scope,” rather than “of slender width.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
Satire
French magazine courted controversy with satire ...
When:
Lookups spiked on January 7, 2015.
Why:
The deadly attack on the offices of the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo was an attack on free speech and freedom of the press.
The sometimes coarse cartoons published by the magazine deliberately courted controversy with satire.
Satire means "humor that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc."
or "a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc." It comes from the Latin word for satirical poetry that probably originally meant "dish of mixed ingredients."
The paper's name translates to "Charlie Weekly";
Hebdo is short for hebdomadaire, the French word meaning "weekly."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Satire means “humor that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc.” The word’s origin is uncertain, but one theory holds that it comes from the same root as saturate and satisfy, going back to the name of a Roman salad composed of different ingredients, a term that was then used for writing intended to mock and criticize that mixed quotations and genres.
Sarcasm
Definition: A sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance
designed to cut or give pain
When it trended: August 12, 2016
Sarcasm and sarcastic both shot to the top of our look-ups on August 12th
as Donald Trump sought to explicate his claim that President Obama founded ISIS (President Obama did not found ISIS):
Donald Trump Explains His Obama-Founded-ISIS Claim as ‘Sarcasm’
—The New York Times, 12 Aug. 2016
In reversal, Trump says IS claim about Obama was sarcastic
—The Washington Post, 12 Aug. 2016
Both words may be traced to the Greek word sarkázein, which means "to jeer at while biting the lips." Of the two, sarcasm is the older word, with use dating back to 1550. Sarcasm means "a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain" or"a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic language that is usually directed against an individual."
Our earliest citation for the word sarcastic comes from 1638, when Edward Raban used it in a rather self-serving fashion:
To Vindicate, and deliver my self, from the imputation of Sarcastick, bitter, too loose, & liberall speaches, agaynst the most Noble, Worthie, and Transcendant Sexe of WOMEN, (which some, knowing their own imperfect weaknesse, may apprehend to be Calumnies, and detractiue to the whole Sexe) I here make humble Oblation….
—Edward Raban, The Glorie of Man Consisting in the Excellence and Perfection of Woman, 1638
And if you were hoping that there is a word for a sarcastic person,
you’re in luck: it’s sarcast.
Dictionary.com
BEHIND THE WORD
Where does the word sarcasm come from?
On the hit TV show Friends, the character Chandler Bing can never help himself from being sarcastic.
But, maybe he would think twice if he knew the origins of the word sarcasm.
Sarcasm is defined as a “sneering or cutting remark.”
Fittingly, the word sarcasm comes from the ancient Greek word sarkázein,
which meant “to tear flesh.” That verb became a metaphor for “speaking bitterly.”
While we always hear that sticks and stones can’t break our bones, even the ancient Greeks recognized that sarcasm feels like someone is digging into you.
The roots of these other words may get a rise—of laughter or surprise—out of you. Run on over to our roundup of them at “Weird Word Origins That Will Make Your Family Laugh.”
Dictionary.com
Did you know … ?
Many other words derive from the sameGreek root as sarcasm, including sarcophagus, a word which literally means “flesh-eating.”
Discover the grisly reasons why at our Words That Use sarco- article
Generally speaking, sarcasm is a form of verbal irony,
in which a person says or writes one thing and means another,
or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.
For this reason, many people sometimes take sarcastic comments at face value.
This is especially true online,
where it’s harder to convey tone and intention—despite all our emoji and emoticons. Due to the limitations of digital communication, some people will often end a sarcastic remark with “/sarcasm” or “/s” so they don’t get misinterpreted.
Sarcasm is commonly used in many kinds of humor, from self-deprecation to satire.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for sarcasm
WIT, HUMOR, IRONY, SARCASM, SATIRE, REPARTEE
mean a mode of expression intended toarouse amusement.
WIT suggests the power to evoke laughter by remarks showing verbal felicity or ingenuity and swift perception especially of the incongruous. a playful wit
HUMOR implies an ability to perceive the ludicrous, the comical, and the absurd in human life and to express these usually without bitterness. a sense of humor
IRONY applies to a manner of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is seemingly expressed. the irony of the title SARCASM applies to expression frequently in the form of irony that is intended to cut or wound. given to heartless sarcasm
SATIRE applies to writing that exposes or ridicules conduct, doctrines, or institutions either by direct criticism or more often through irony, parody, or caricature. a satire on the Congress
REPARTEE implies the power of answering quickly, pointedly, or wittily. a dinner guest noted for repartee
Frequently Asked Questions About sarcasm
Is sarcasm the same as irony?
Sarcasm refers to the use of words that mean the opposite of what you really want to say, especiallyin order to insult someone, or to show irritation, or justto be funny.
For example, saying "they're really on top of things" to describe a group of people who are very disorganized is using sarcasm.
Most often, sarcasm is biting, and intended to cause pain.
Irony can also refer to the use of words that mean the opposite of what you really want to say; the "they're really on top of things" statement about the very disorganized group of people can also be described as an ironic statement.
But irony can also refer toa situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected;
for example, it is ironic if someone who was raised by professional musicians but who wanted a very different kind of life then fell in love with and married a professional musician.
What is the plural of sarcasm?
Sarcasm is what we refer toas a noncount noun
("a noun that denotes a homogeneous substance or a concept without subdivisions and that in English is preceded in indefinite singular constructions by some rather than a or an"), and has no plural form.
What are some synonyms for sarcasm?
Sarcasm shares some semantic territory with a number of other English words, including wit, repartee, and humor. While most of these are in some way concerned with inducing laughter,
sarcasm stands alone in denoting caustic language that is designed to cut or give pain.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History and Etymology for sarcasm
Earlier sarcasmus, borrowed from Middle French or Late Latin; Middle French sarcasme, borrowed from Late Latin sarcasmos "mockery," borrowed from Late Greek sarkasmós, from Greek sarkázein "to jeer at while biting the lips" (in GALEN; perhaps, if the original sense was "to bite or strip off flesh," derivative of sark-, sárx "flesh") + -smos, suffix of verbal action — more at SARCO-
NOTE: The original sense of the Greek verb sarkázein is conjectural, as all instances referring to jeering or mockery come from late or post-classical sources, generally lexica. The sole significant early uses are in Aristophanes' play Peace, where the Megarians, while pulling boulders from the entrance to a cave, are described as performing the action of the verb sarkázein "like mean (?) curs," while perishing from hunger ("hoi Megarês… hélkousin d' hómōs glischrótata sarkázontes hṓsper kynídia"); and in the Hippocratic treatise "On Joints" (Perì Arthrôn), where the verb is used to describe hoofed animals eating grass. In both cases the interpretation of sarkázein is far from transparent.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Irony - satire - sarcasm
Each of these words indicates ridicule, contempt, or mockery of someone or something.
Irony is a figure of speech in which the literal (exact, denotative) meaning of a word orstatement is the opposite of that intended.
Cicero defined Irony as “the saying of one thing and meaning another.”
A person uses Irony when, on a miserable day, he says “Nice day today, isn’t it?”
Considered the most ironic writing in all literature is Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal, in which the author “recommends” that the Irish sell their babies to English landlords for food.
Satire is the ridiculing ofstupidity, vice, or folly:
it often employs irony andsarcasm to denounce the frailties and faults of mankind.
Satire blends wit and humor with a critical attitude towards human activities and institutions.
An attack on man’s overconsumption of electricity and fuel would be a satire (satirical treatment) of man’s folly in exhausting his supplies of energy.
Sarcasm is a form of ironythat consists of bitter and often cruel derision.
Sarcasm is always personal, always jeering, and always intended to wound”
“What a great friend you turn out to be!”
“You couldn’t tell the truth to save your life!”
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