2022-04-17
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – F - fulsome
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง fulsome = “FOOLor FUHL-suhm”
Dictionary.com:
USAGE NOTE FOR FULSOME
In the 13th century when it was first used,
fulsome meant simply “abundant or copious.”
It later developed additional senses of
“offensive, gross” and “disgusting, sickening,”
probably by association with foul,
and still later a sense of excessiveness:
a fulsome disease;
a fulsome meal, replete with too much of everything.
For some centuries fulsome was used exclusively,
or nearly so, with these unfavorable meanings.
Today, both fulsome and fulsomely are also used in senses
closer to the original one:
The sparse language of the new Prayer Book contrasts with the fulsome
language of Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer.
Later they discussed the topic more fulsomely.
These uses are often criticized on the grounds
that fulsome must always
retain its connotations of “excessive” or “offensive.”
The common phrase fulsome praise
is thus sometimes ambiguous in modern use.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Using Fulsome: Usage Guide
The senses shown above are the chief living senses of fulsome. Sense 2,
[ 2: aesthetically, morally, or generally offensive]
which was a generalized term of disparagement in the late 17th century,
is the least common of these.
Fulsome became a point of dispute
when sense 1, thought to be obsolete in the 19th century,
began to be revived in the 20th.
The dispute was exacerbated by the fact that
the large dictionaries of the first half of the century
missed the beginnings of the revival.
Sense 1 has not only been revived but has spread in
its application and continues to do so.
The chief danger for the user of fulsome is ambiguity.
Unless the context is made very clear,
the reader or hearer cannot be sure whether such an expression
as "fulsome praise" is meant in sense 1b or in sense 4.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
You Don't Need to Get Negative About Fulsome
There is a lot of confusion about exactly what fulsome means.
Some critics disapprove of using it in its original copious sense
because they feel that sense is not negative enough;
they say that fulsome should always be at least mildly deprecatory.
It's true that today fulsome is often used pejoratively
to describe overly effusive language,
but modern English writers still sometimes use it
simply to mean abundant, or occasionally even in contexts
where it is complimentary.
Some writers go to the more negative extreme,
using it for things that are offensive to normal tastes or sensibilities.
To avoid misinterpretation,
either be sure that the context in which you use the word
makes the intended meaning clear or choose a different word.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Yates: As 'Fulsome' and Comprehensive as Possible
Lookups spiked over 4700% after Yates used the word
Fulsome, a word of great semantic breadth,
was among our top lookups on May 8th, 2017,
after Sally Yates, the former acting attorney general,
used it in remarks at a Senate hearing.
Lookups for the word increased to over 4700% over the usual hourly rate.
Fulsome may have positive connotations,
but the word may also carry negative ones,
and its use in this context (promising forthrightness)
struck some observers as odd.
Since the word entered our language in the 13th century
it has had such disparate meanings as “copious,” “plump,”
“full and well developed in sound,”
“lustful,” nauseating,” exceeding the bounds of good taste,”
and several others besides.
We've written an entire article about how confusing the word can be.
Yates is not the only newsworthy figure
to have recently used fulsome in
what might be characterized as a semantically adventurous fashion.
Several days ago, numerous stories carried a quote from
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in which this word
was prominently featured.
Our Unabridged Dictionary has the following usage
note under the entry for fulsome:
Fulsome has had a wide variety of meanings in its long history of use.
By the 19th century it seemed to have settled into place
as a literary term chiefly expressing
disapproval of excessive and obsequious praise and flattery.
But in the 20th century its old associations with its
etymological relative full, an adjective that more often than not
has positive connotations, underwent a revival of sorts
as its use became more widespread.
The result is that fulsome is now used
with positive or neutral connotations at least
as often as with negative connotations.
One consequence of that change is that
its meaning in contexts like <fulsome praise> and <a fulsome apology>
can sometimes be ambiguous, although usually
the intended sense can be identified easily enough in a given passage.
Its use in such contexts without overtones of excessiveness
and insincerity is often regarded as an error,
as are its other positive or neutral uses.
As noted above, however, those uses occur commonly in current English.
American Heritage Dictionary of English Language:
ful′some·ly adv.
ful′some·ness n.
Usage Note:
The original meaning of fulsome was "copious, abundant."
But fulsome is now most often used of remarks
that involve excessive praise or ingratiating flattery,
as in
Their fulsome compliments were viewed as an awkward attempt at winning approval.
This narrower application of the word has become
its sole meaning for many educated speakers,
to the point where a large majority of the Usage Panel disapproves
of the use of fulsome to mean simply "full" or "copious."
In our 2012 survey, only 19 percent accepted the use
of fulsome as a synonym of full in the sentence
You can adjust the TV's audio settings for a more fulsome bass in movie soundtracks.
Use of the word as a synonym of copious or expansive
found only slightly more takers—21 percent accepted
The final report will furnish a more detailed and fulsome discussion of the issues involved.
The use of fulsome as a simple synonym of praising
without a clear indication of inordinacy or insincerity split
the Panel nearly down the middle, with 55 percent accepting the example
The research director claimed that the product was a major advance
that would improve Web access for everyone, and the marketing VP
was equally fulsome in her remarks.
Thus it may be best to avoid fulsome
except where the context unambiguously conveys the idea
that the praise in question is excessive or fawning.
Random House Kerneman Webster's College Dictionary:
ful′some•ly, adv.
ful′some•ness, n.
usage:
The original meaning of fulsome was “abundant or copious,”
but for centuries the word was used almost exclusively in its later senses “offensive,” “disgusting,” and “excessively lavish.”
Today, fulsome and its adverb fulsomely are also used
in senses closer to the original one:
Compare the stark sentences of the final speech with the fulsome
language of the first draft.
Later they discussed the topic more fulsomely.
Because some insist that fulsome must always retain
the connotation of “excessive” or “offensive,”
the common expression fulsome praise may be ambiguous in modern use.
Collins English Dictionary:
ˈfulsomely adv
ˈfulsomeness n
Usage:
The use of fulsome to mean
extremely complimentary or full, rich or abundant
is common in journalism, but should be avoided in other kinds of writing
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
Fulsome
Because its most common use of fulsome is in the phrase
“fulsome praise,”
many people suppose that this word means
something like “generous” or “whole-hearted.”
Actually, it means “disgusting,”
and “fulsome praise” is disgustingly exaggerated praise
