2022-03-17
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – F - fat & plump & obese & stout
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง fat = “FAT”
ออกเสียง plump = “PLUHMP”
ออกเสียง obese = “oh-BEES”
ออกเสียง stout = ‘STOUT”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
fat & plump & obese & stout
Fat is the customary, everyday word
applying to someone who has too much flabby tissue:
“It is true that nobody loves a fat man?”
Whereasfat usually has as unpleasant connotation,
plump and stout suggest a roundness that is pleasing
or a heavy build that is not unpleasant:
“This is a jolly plump or stout old man.”
“Her stout (or plumb) figure was attractively
covered by a well-designed gown.”
Obese meaning “excessively fat,” “overweight,”
is used more often in scientific circles than by the general public:
“The physician outlined a strict diet for all his obese patients.”
If none of these terms express what you have in mind,
consider corpulent, well-fed, adipose, pudgy,
portly, bulky, thickset, rotund, chubby, and fleshy.
Fat appears in many slangy or trite expressions
for whichless-worn synonyms can usually be found:
“fat chance” (“slight chance”);
“fat lot” (“little” or “not at all”);
“chew thefat” (“engage in informal conversation”);
“thefat of the land” (“the best of anything”);
“fat cat” (“wealthy or important person”);
“fathead” (“stupid person”);
“fats,” “fatso” (“overweight person”).
Dictionary.com:
What is a basic definition of fat?
Fat is commonly used as a way
to describe someone as obese or overweight.
This is most often used in a critical, judgmental, or mean way.
In contrast, words like obese and overweight
are more often usedin a neutral way,
such as in a medical context
in the discussion of a person’s health
(though they too can be used in a judgmental or mean way).
This sense of fat isn’t always used in a negative way.
Some people might call others or themselves fat
in a way that’s not intended to be critical,
as in
I’m fat and I’m fabulous and all the body-shamers
will just have to deal with it.
Sometimes, people replace the word fat with words
intended to be more polite or euphemistic,
such as heavy, heavyset, plump, and chubby.
However, these words still focus on a person’s weight
or appearance in a way that can be demeaning or objectifying.
As a noun, fat refers to the greasy substance
that forms some types of tissue in the body of humans and animals
(some of which the body stores and uses for energy) and some plants.
The word is often used more casually
to refer to a person’s excess flesh,
as in belly fat.
In the context of nutrition,
fat refers to this kind of substance in the foods we eat.
Foods from animals, such as meat, milk, and eggs,
all contain fat.
But so do some plant-based foods, such as nuts, avocados, and olive oil.
However, there are different kinds of fat,
such as saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and trans-fat,
each of which can have different effects on a person’s nutrition and health.
In general, it’s usually recommended not to consume too much fat.
However, some fats are necessary in a diet
because they help the body to absorb vitamins.
The nutrition label on food products
usually tell you exactly how much fat
and what kinds of fats are in them.
The word fat is common and has many other meanings
as an adjective, a noun, and even a verb.
Example:
This diet is based on avoiding foods that are high in fat.
Where does fat come from?
The first records of the word fat come from before the year 1000.
It comes from the Old English verb fǣtan,
meaning “to cram” or “to load.”
Many of the meanings of fat involve the idea of excess.
As an adjective, it’s often used to describe someone
who’s considered to have an excess of fatty tissue in their body
—a judgment that’s simply inappropriate outside of medical advice.
When used in a figurative way,
the noun fat refers to something that’s excessive or unnecessary,
as in We need to trim the fat from this budget and focus on the essentials.
Dictionary.com:
LEARN MORE ABOUT FAT
When Did “Fat” Become An Insult?
Published May 1, 2019
by Ashley Austrew
The word fat holds a complicated place in our society.
As an adjective, it joins words like tall, hairy, fluffy, or bright.
But, unlike those descriptors, fat isn’t neutral.
It’s so often framed as a negative —and used as an insult.
However, the body positivity movement, fat activism,
and popular books and television shows
centered on fat characters are proving
that narrative is wearing thin.
What does fat mean?
A primary definition of fat is
“having too much flabby tissue; corpulent; obese.”
As a noun and adjective,
fat is found in Old English (fǣtt),
from a verb form meaning “to cram, load, adorn.”
The word has cousins in Germanic languages,
like the German Fett/fett.
Historically, fat had a number of positive meanings.
In the late 1300s, fat land was “fertile” and “abundant.”
In the 1600s, a fat person could be “wealthy” or “affluent.”
That underlying sense of prosperity lingers in fat cat,
a 1920s barb at a “wealthy person,” especially one with political influence.
But, even in Old English, fat was already being frowned upon
—and the word went on to spawn many an insult.
As early as the 1830s, people were using the term fathead
to describe “a stupid person or a fool.”
In the 1940s, fatso disparaged “a fat person.”
By this time, pejorative senses of fat prevailed.
When did being fat become “bad”?
For much of history,
as W.F. Ferris and N.J. Crowther explained in 2011 research,
“excess body fat [was] a symbol of wealth and prosperity
as the general population struggled with food shortages and famine,”
as we can see in Renaissance portraits celebrating full-figured women.
Technology and industry in the 19th and 20th centuries
made food stabler, cheaper, and more widely available
as well as increased the overall standard of living
—but that came with more sedentary lifestyles
and processed foods, creating new concerns about weight.
By the 1940–50s,
thinness had spread as the new ideal for health and beauty.
In March 1954, Life magazine featured an article,
“The Plague of Overweight,” which characterized obesity as
“the most serious health problem today.”
“The uncompromising truth,” it went on,
“is that obesity is caused by gluttony.”
At the time,
only around three percent of Americans were considered obese.
Soon, magazines were publishing all manner of absurd diets,
like the Domino Sugar Diet, which encouraged people
(yes, primarily women)
to increase their sugar intake as a means of losing weight.
One ad touted that three teaspoons of Domino-brand
sugar contained fewer calories than half a grapefruit.
(Clearly, Domino Sugar was feeling the pinch of America’s
emerging weight consciousness.)
There was also the cabbage soup diet, which instructed people
to eat only cabbage soup and limit their intake
of other kinds of foods for an entire week.
In the 1970s, Vogue published a now-viral wine and egg diet,
which advocated, in part, snacking on boiled eggs
and drinking an entire bottle of wine every day for three days.
Ridiculous? Yes.
But, the culture was so steeped in the idea that fat was evil
that even the craziest, unhealthiest diet would have been seen as good.
The trend has only continued today.
We still have fad diets (e.g., Keto, intermittent fasting, gluten-free
when not being used to treat gluten sensitivities)
and weight-loss programs
(Beachbody, Noom, and WW, formerly Weight Watchers,
which dates all the way back to the 1960s).
We are still exposed to questionable health advice
(we’re looking at you, Goop).
Far too many people still believe the misinformation
that fat people are fat because they are gluttonous,
lazy, and don’t care about their health
—not to mention the fact that being skinny isn’t the same as being healthy.
Scientific research has shown, however,
that diets, no matter the type,
do not work on a lasting basis for many people.
More important, there are many reasons why a person may be larger,
and that does not make them moral failures.
Why we should stop using fat as an insult
In our culture,
fatness is a constant source of shame and ridicule.
Research has shown
children as young as four have said they wouldn’t want to be friends with a fat child, revealing how early weight discrimination can occur.
Other research has found that more than half of doctors described their fat patients as “ugly,” “awkward,” and “noncompliant”
with their recommendations.
Media promoting weight-loss advice
and the “healthiest” ways to live perpetuate the myth
that weight is a matter of personal choice and responsibility.
Nonetheless, science suggests
that body size is the result of a complex web of factors,
including social and economic influences, genetics, food production
and availability, urban design, land use, advertising,
and public safety and transportation.
Furthermore, fat-shaming and weight-stigmatizing
hurt people’s health and well-being.
Weight-shaming has been associated with weight gain,
despite some people’s misguided belief
that they can bully people into losing weight.
Fat-shaming is also associated with an increase
in the risk of depression and low self-esteem.
Fat people are often misdiagnosed at the doctor
and have medical concerns overlooked or ignored.
Weight discrimination may even shorten life expectancies.
This is all part of why many fat activists, as they proudly call themselves,
are reclaiming the word fat and squashing its stigma.
The Fat Acceptance Movement is working to challenge fat bias
and end systemic discrimination against fat people.
Plus-size models like Tess Holliday and Ashley Graham
are working to change
what kinds of bodies get represented in the fashion world.
And, TV shows like Hulu’s Shrill
(based on Lindy West’s 2016 book of the same name)
are putting the focus on fat characters who are empowered
and accept themselves just as they are.
Perhaps the biggest shift needs to happen with individuals
and the language they use.
Fat is a noun. Fat is an adjective.
Fat is not an insult,
and it’s time for society and culture
to stop doing harm to fat people
by treating their body type like it’s a bad word.
Ashley Austrew is a freelance writer from Omaha, Nebraska.
Her work has been published at Cosmopolitan, Scary Mommy, Scholastic,
and other outlets.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
fat′ly adv.
fat′ness n.
Synonyms:
fat, overweight, obese, corpulent, portly, stout,
pudgy, rotund, plump, chubby
These adjectives mean
having an abundance and often an excess of flesh.
Fat implies more weight than one desires
or than is considered desirable by social norms:
was getting fat and decided to exercise.
Overweight conveys the sense
that the weight is above a medical standard
for age or height and may be unhealthy:
oversized garments for overweight customers.
Another word with medical connotations,
obese means grossly overweight:
"a woman of robust frame ... though stout, not obese" (Charlotte Brontë).
While corpulent also refers to conspicuous body weight,
it is not always as judgmental a term as obese:
the corpulent figure of the seated Buddha.
Portly refers to bulk combined with a stately or imposing bearing:
A portly guard blocked the doorway.
Stout denotes a thickset, bulky figure:
a painting of stout peasants.
Pudgy means short and fat:
pudgy fingers.
Rotund refers to the roundness of figure
associated with a spreading midsection:
"this pink-faced rotund specimen of prosperity" (George Eliot).
Plump and chubby apply to a pleasing fullness of figure:
a plump little toddler; chubby cheeks.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
Fat
Did You Know?
Millions of Americans are trying to lose adipose tissue,
also known as fat.
It's hard to do, because we love to eat fatty foods,
which usually taste good.
Many of the chemicals that give food pleasant flavors
are easily dissolved in fats
—the fattier a food is, the more of these flavorful compounds
it may carry.
Having some fat is necessary.
Just as a city keeps extra water in a reservoir,
we store reservoirs of energy most efficiently as fat.
An ounce of fat, for example,
contains more than twice as much stored energy—calories
—as does an ounce of protein or carbohydrates.
Fat is also an excellent insulator.
Sea mammals,
such as whales, have thick layers of fat,
called blubber, to keep them comfortable in chilly waters.
A whale's blubber may be two feet thick—now that's fat!
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Notes On 'Plum' and 'Plumb' (and 'Plump')
This is just to say / Don't confuse these
Plum and plumb and plump look like siblings (or at least cousins),
but confuse them at your peril: they're not the same at all.
Plum is only ever a noun (though it's a noun with adjectival tendencies).
It's the fruit and the tree that fruit grows on
(which, incidentally, is part of the rose family).
When the fruit is dried it's called a prune,
which our very reliable grandparents assured us was essential for health.
Plums being sweet and all,
it's plum you want when you're describing what sweet informally
also describes: a plum deal, a plum job, that plum apartment.
We agree that it looks very adjectival here,
but it's more properly considered an attributive noun.
(One tip-off that it's not an adjective is that
we don't say "that job is plum"; instead we use plummy.)
Plumb is the word that has to do with your pipes and plumbing.
That b is silent, making plumb sound identical to the name of the fruit.
While the b does helpfully signal in print that the words are different,
we will note here that the b was not natural to the English word,
but was bestowed by some scholars who wanted the English word
to look more like its Latin ancestor, plumbum,
meaning "lead." Thanks, guys.
Plumb as a noun refers to a lead weight
that's attached to a line and used especially
to indicate a vertical direction.
It's often used in the phrases "out of plumb" and "off plumb"
to mean "out of vertical or true," or "not precisely vertical."
Unlike plum, plumb hasn't been satisfied with simple noun use.
No, the word functions also as an adverb, a verb, and an adjective.
The adverb has the literal use of "vertically,"
as in "a rope hanging plumb,"
but gets applied figuratively and informally too
with the meanings "absolutely," as in "plumb wrong," and "exactly,"
as in "plumb in the middle."
Its verb use is mostly limited to two kinds:
those to do with the very concrete tasks of installing pipes
and connecting fixtures
(as in "plumbing a new house" and "plumbing the bathroom fixtures"),
and those that are metaphoricalextensions of the lead weight
especially as it's used to determine water depth on sounding lines:
a play that "plumbs the depths of human nature"
fully examines human nature;
if a stock "plumbs new depths" it reaches a new lowest value.
As an adjective,
plumb mostly is used to mean "exactly vertical,"
as in "a plumb wall."
And then there's plump.
It sounds different, what with that final \p\,
but it looks awfully similar,
and it has some meanings that make it ripe for confusion with the others.
Like plumb,
plump functions in multiple ways.
It's mostly known for its adjective use
meaning of "having a full rounded usually pleasing form,"
as in "plump cheeks,"
but it's a verb, twice over
—by which we mean there are two verbs
plump that are etymologically unrelated.
The oldest meaning of plump, having to do with
dropping, sinking, or placing suddenly or heavily,
as in "they plumped down in the chair"
and "she plumped the bags down onto the bench," is one of these.
The same verb is used figuratively, especially with for,
to talk about expressing support for someone or something,
as in "plumping for the incumbent candidate,"
or in British English,
to choose something or someone after careful consideration,
as in "plumping for the cake rather than the pie."
The other verb has to do with making or becoming plump,
as in "plumping the pillows/cushions."
Quite obscure are two noun uses of plump,
one referring to a sudden plunge, fall, or blow,
or to the sound such a plump makes
("the plump of stones falling into the water"),
and the other referring to a group or flock, as in "a plump of ducks."
Also obscure but trickier is the adverbial plump:
it means "with a sudden or heavy drop,"
as in "landing plump on the floor," as well as "straight down"
("falling plump to the bottom")
and "straight ahead" ("standing plump in the path").
It's also used to mean "directly" or "without qualification,"
as in "say it plump and plain."
But none of these are common in current use.
In summary, here are the most common uses of each:
plum refers to a fruit and describes pleasant things;
plump describes full, rounded forms;
and plumb is a versatile word with verb
meanings having to do with plumbing and deep examination
and experience, adjective and adverb
meanings having to do with verticality,
and informal use as a synonym of "absolutely" and "exactly."
We never said English was easy.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for obese
borrowed from Latin obēsus "fat, stout,"
past participle of *obedere, perhaps
meaning originally "to gnaw," from ob- "against" + edere "to eat"
— more at OB-, EAT entry 1
NOTE: Etymologically obēsus should mean "thin, emaciated,"
if the sense of the unattested verb *obedere was "to eat away, gnaw,"
as implied by its components.
The Roman writer Aulus Gellius (Noctes Atticae 19.7.3) pointed this out
and adduced a passage from the poet Laevius
(who is known only from a handful of quotations
from his works made by other authors),
where the word apparently has the meaning "wasted."
Presumably the word went reanalysis after the extinction of the verb.
The grammarian Pompeius Festus
construed the derivation phrasally
as "made fat as if as a result of eating"
("pinguis quasi ob edendum factus").
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words of the Week ending May 22, 2020
'Morbid'/'obese'
Morbid and obese also were among our top lookups last week,
after Nancy Pelosi described President Trump as morbidly obese.
Asked on Monday night by CNN about Mr Trump's remarks,
Mrs Pelosi said she would
"rather he[Mr. Trump] not be taking something
that has not been approved by the scientists.”
"Especially in his age group, and in his,
shall we say, weight group, morbidly obese,
they say," the US House of Representatives speaker said.
— BBC News (bbc.com), 20 May 2020
Pelosi used morbidly, the adverb form of morbid,
which we define as “of, relating to, or characteristic of disease,”
“affected with or induced by disease,” or “productive of disease.”
Our definition of obese is quite a bit semantically narrower:
“having excessive body fat.”
We do not provide any clinical definition
for what is obese, or morbidly obese,
on the grounds that criteria vary considerably on this matter,
and it’s none of our business.
We have recently added fat-shaming to our dictionary,
defined as
“the act or practice of subjecting someone perceived
as fat or overweight to criticism or mockery.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for stout
Adjective
Strong, Stout, Sturdy, Stalwart, Tough, Tenacious
mean showing power to resist or to endure.
Strong may imply power derived from
muscular vigor, large size, structural soundness, intellectual or spiritual resources.
strong arms
the defense has a strong case
Stout suggests an ability to endure stress, pain, or hard use without giving way.
stout hiking boots
Sturdy implies strength derived from vigorous growth,
determination of spirit, solidity of construction.
a sturdy table
people of sturdy independence
Stalwart suggests an unshakable dependability.
stalwart environmentalists
Tough implies great firmness and resiliency.
a tough political opponent
Tenacious suggests strength in seizing, retaining, clinging to, or holding together.
tenacious farmers clinging to an age-old way of life
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words at Play
Porter & Stout
Stout is the shortened form of stout beer
(just as lager is a shortened form of lager beer).
Porter is defined as
“a heavy dark brown beer brewed from browned or charred malt.”
The two types of dark beers have an intertwined history,
since stout was ultimately used to modify porter specifically,
and thereafter became most closely associated with dark beer or ale.
Stout seems an apt descriptive name for a beverage
that is very dark, full-bodied, and malty.
It is usually darker and sweeter than porter,
and there is evidence that
stout was used to describe other alcoholic drinks
with heavy or dense body:
in the 1600s, stout was used to describe
some wine as well as ale and beer.
Initially, stout referred to
the alcoholic content rather than the color of the beer;
the word derives from the adjective
stout, which came to English from the Old French word estout
meaning “bold” and “powerful.”
Its first uses in English—now archaic—
meant “fierce, menacing” or “arrogant, haughty.”
Arthur Guinness, the founder of the brewery
that makes the world’s most popular stout,
began his operation near Dublin in 1755,
the same year that Samuel Johnson published his famous dictionary. Johnson’s entry for stout reads:
A cant name for strong beer.
This original meaning of “strong beer”
had its opposite in a term that survives in English,
but is used today mostly in its figurative sense of
“something of small importance,”
since weak beer has been called small beer
since the 15th century.
