2022-01-02
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – Broadcast – broadcasted
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง broadcast = “BRAWD-kast. -kahst”
ออกเสียง broadcasted = “BRAWD-kast, kahst”
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT BROADCAST
What does broadcast mean?
Broadcast means to transmit a television or radio program,
as in The network broadcasted cartoons every Saturday morning.
In this sense a broadcast can be a single TV or radio program,
as in the 6 o’clock news broadcast.
Broadcast also means to deliver a message on a transmitted program,
as in The police broadcasted the press release on the evening news.
More generally, broadcast means to spread something widely,
as in She broadcasted her recent wedding engagement to all of her family members.
Related to this sense,
a broadcast can be news or something similar that you share widely,
like your broadcast to your classmates about the A you got on the test.
Broadcast also means to mistakenly make a next move obvious,
as in The boxer broadcasted his punch with a flashy windup.
Example: Coverage of the awards ceremony was the leading story on every news broadcast.
Where does broadcast come from?
The first records of broadcast come from around 1760.
It combines the word broad, meaning “fully,”
and the past tense of the verb cast, meaning “to fling or throw.”
The word broadcast has been used to refer to widely distributing (flinging) seeds over a large area when planting.
The word broadcast is used heavily in terms of television and radio.
In fact, a person who works in one or both of these industries
will often refer to them collectively as broadcasting,
as in I had a career in broadcasting.
Usually, a broadcast will be specified according to the content
that it focuses on,
such as a news broadcast or a sports broadcast.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
Broadcast – broadcasted
The past tense and past participle of broadcast
(“to transmit – to cast abroad – programs from the television or radio station”) are either broadcast – broadcasted:
“The program was broadcast (or broadcasted) at noon.”
“The senator broadcast (or broadcasted) his appeal yesterday.”
Because the principal parts of cast are cast, cast, cast,
broadcast may sound better to your ear,
but widespread usage has made broadcasted an also-acceptable form.
Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group
broadcast
A method of spreading seed (or fertilizer)
evenly over a wide area by scattering.
1001 Words and Phrases You Never Knew You Didn’t Know
Broadcast
A form of small-grain planting
in which the seed was scattered randomly and not in rows.
Broadcasting was usually done by hand,
with the seed being carried in a sack.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
'Broadcast' or 'Broadcasted'?
On the conjugation of an irregular verb
The English language is, depending on one’s perspective,
either blessed or burdened with a number of irregular verbs
(Most people likely feel that burdened is more applicable here than blessed).
However, the correct way of conjugating verbs
such as go and put is picked up quickly by children
(and with somewhat more difficulty by those learning the language as adults).
Most of us agree that we would say we have gone to the store
(or that we went), and would not say that we goed.
The lack of an -ed ending on certain past participles
appears to not give us much trouble.
But what happens when one of these irregular verbs
becomes the latter portion of a longer word?
In some cases, such as with cast, it gets a bit confusing.
Cast is an irregular verb, and the past tense remains cast, rather than casted.
A number of people and usage guides advocate in favor of
extending this to other verbs which are formed with -cast at the end,
such as broadcast, forecast, and typecast.
For example,
"broadcast" is the same in the present tense and the past tense. ("Broadcasted" is not standard English.)
"Yesterday, CNN broadcast a show."
— Christina Sterbenz, Business Insider (businessinsider.com), 27 Dec. 2015
On a technical point, you've got "typecast" wrong.
Firstly it's "typecast", not "typecasted".
And, secondly, I'm not clear whether you're using the word correctly.
— forum member ‘trollface,’ Digital Spy (‘New Dr Who Fan’), 28 May 2009
Although we give the uninflected -cast ending
as the most common form for all the verbs ending with this,
we also give the -ed ending for the past tense of the following words: broadcast, forecast, telecast, and simulcast.
For the words miscast, recast, and typecast we do not list an -ed inflected form.
This inconsistency regarding -ed endings is not caused by whimsy on our part, or out of a desire to hurt your feelings;
it is based on the way that people use the language.
For instance, in the examples above
Business Insider tells readers to avoid broadcasted,
and the Associated Press similarly advises avoiding forecasted,
yet both of these publications (and many others) regularly use these words.
Broadcasted and forecasted are not as common as broadcast and forecast,
but they are common enough that we list this as a variant past tense.
HBO broadcasted its first fight in 1973 with George Foreman's iconic knockout of Joe Frazier.
— John Lynch, Business Insider (businessinsider.com), 27 Sept. 2018
Manchester City fan Josh Chambers, 23, live broadcasted two videos of the match — one for each half — on Periscope.
— Robert Elder, Business Insider (businessinsider.com), 6 Feb. 2017
He also forecasted a warm winter, heavily based on weak snowfall in Siberia.
— The Associated Press, 18 Oct. 2018
The Fed also forecasted another rate hike by end 2018 and predicted that it will continue to tighten credit into 2020 to manage growth and inflation.
— The Associated Press, 2018
The reason we do not list a variant -ed past participle for typecast
is not because a commenter by the name of ‘trollface’ on the Digital Spy website argues against it
(though we must admit that trollface can be persuasive);
we give the past participle of typecast as typecast
because our evidence suggests that using an -ed in the past participle is very uncommon (although we must confess that we have not yet checked the entirety of trollface’s oeuvre).
One could make the case that in order to avoid confusion
a writer may simply stick with the -cast form of all of these words.
While this is true, our job as a dictionary is not solely to help you avoid confusion;
it is also sometimes to steer you directly into it and inform you on how other people use the English language.
A substantial enough portion of them choose to place an -ed at the end of broadcast, forecast, telecast, and simulcast that we provide entries for these words.
We promise it's not just a lexicographer's plot to mess with you.
(There are enough of those already.)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Broadcasted
Definition: broadcast
Ever since we began using the word broadcast
to refer to information disseminated via television, radio,
and other means people have been grumbling about the use of broadcasted.
The objection to this use comes from the fact that the latter component of the word is a verb which does not permit the use of -ed to indicate the past tense (we do not say “he had casted his line into the river”).
We enter broadcasted as a variant of broadcast as the past tense of the verb, but before you use the word thusly you should be aware that adding this extra syllable will make some people weep.
The following expressions are some of those most frequently misused….
A program is broadcast not broadcasted.
—Helen Hathaway, Manners: American Etiquette, 1928
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
'Narrowcasting' vs. 'Broadcasting'
Though it describes many relatively recent trends,
'narrowcasting' has been around for almost a century
Most of us are familiar with the words broadcast and broadcasting,
as they have been long intertwined with the medium of television, and therefore intertwined with much of our life.
But how many know the related word narrowcasting?
'Narrowcast' means "to aim a broadcast at a narrowly defined area or audience."
Though it's become more popular as entertainment becomes more specialized, the term dates to the early 20th century.
This term (“radio or television transmission aimed at a narrowly defined area or audience”) has been in use since the 1920s, coming into use shortly after we began using broadcasting to refer to the practice of sending out radio or television signals to a wide audience.
But broadcast did not begin with the advent of electronic media:
the word had already been in English use for some two hundred years.
Broadcast came into English in the very beginning of the 18th century, and originally had the meaning of “a casting or scattering in all directions (as of seed from the hand in sowing).”
It appears to have first been used as a noun,
and shortly after took on additional duties as a verb and an adjective (a process known as functional shift.
‘Tis sown with a broad Cast at two Bouts or sowings, the first sowing being harrowed in once, and the second sowing as many times as is needful to cover it well and to make the Earth fine, which commonly requires 6 or 7 harrowings.
—John Mortimer, The Whole Art of Husbandry, 1707
Barly-ground is first harroughed once in a Place to hinder the Grains getting into the Thoroughs, then it is sown by Broad-casting all over the Ground, and directly harroughed both Ways into the Earth.
—William Ellis, Chiltern and Vale Farming Explained, 1733
Broadcasting was largely used in this agricultural sense for quite some while, but eventually expanded its meaning to
“the act of making widely known: the act of spreading abroad.”
So, it was a natural fit for the word to be used in reference to the dissemination of radio programs once commercial radio took off in the 20th century.
Hereafter, in addition to broadcasting reports of obstructions to navigation by the radio stations of the navy at the seaboard at 8 A. M, noon, 4 P. M. and 8 P. M., the navy radio station of Arlington, VA., will, whenever appropriate, broadcast such messages at 10:30 A. M. and again between 3 and 4 o’clock A. M.
—The Baltimore Sun, 27 Dec. 1912
Narrowcasting was adopted about a decade after broadcast began being used to refer to the widespread beaming of radio signals and programs.
“Narrow-casting” is a new word in the radio dictionary.
It refers to use of the local light and telephone lines to bring to the homes concerts and other forms of entertainment sent out on high-frequency waves.”
—The Evening News (Harrisburg, PA), 8 Dec., 1922
“There may be selective methods and narrowcasting methods which will do no harm,” he said. “But fundamentally there will remain that element of the broadcast situation which makes it possible for grand opera to go to the poor as well as the rich, without charge.”
—Fitchburg Sentinel (Fitchburg, MA), 28 Dec., 1923
The meaning of narrowcasting has shifted subtly over the ensuing decades, although it has retained the core sense of “message delivered to a small group, rather than large.”
As the Internet, an increased number of cable television channels, and subscription radio stations have begun to play an greater role in supplying news and cultural offerings, narrowcasting has seen far more use, as it describes the increasingly specialized options that these media offer.
And where once it was a case of adding more and more lights to houses to multiply the "wow" factor, the latest Christmas light innovations are hi-tech, with an increasing number of homeowners creating computerised displays synchronised to music that is narrowcast on FM radio channels.
—Michelle Pountney, Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia), 11 Dec. 2015
In this way, the present invention can be said to "microcast" or "narrowcast" the content of personalized songlists to individual listening stations or users.
—Telecommunications Weekly, 7 Sept. 2016
Since Internet advertising works best when narrowcast, the more accurately companies can target their advertisements, the greater is their revenue.
—Mint (New Delhi, India), 21 Sept. 2016
In addition to being applied to these sorts of niche programs,
narrowcasting is beginning to be used in a political sense,
in which it refers to sending a message to a distinct group of supporters, rather than the populace as a whole.
It's the fact that that we no longer have broadcasting, we have narrowcasting.
Individual politicians are no longer dependent on parties….
—Richard Haass, transcript Bloomberg Surveillance, 20 Sept. 2016
Political parties, by contrast, are narrow-casting, putting the bulk of their efforts into revving up their base while spending less time trying to persuade swing voters.
—Emily Cadei, Newsweek, 10 Jul. 2015
Fast forward to President Barack Obama's use of social media as well as big data in his two successful presidential election campaigns to target the demographics, narrow-cast (or tailor) the message to the psychographic level, raise funds from the masses, and bring them out to vote.
—M. Netzley & S. N. Kenkat, The Straits Times (Singapore), 31 Jan. 2016
Narrowcasting, when used in a political sense, would appear to have a degree of overlap with dog whistle,
which is also a term for sending a message to a select, as opposed to widespread, group of people.
However, narrowcasting does not seem (as of yet) to have the connotations of racially coded messaging that dog whistle has.
It remains to be seen whether narrowcast will continue to, ahem, broaden its semantic range,
or whether it will remain confined to a relatively slim range of meanings.
In the meantime, you now have a word with which to describe
the mildly unsettling feeling that accompanies an Internet movie or radio service suggesting titles you might like, or the ads that follow you online and suggest thingsbased on your browsing history that you might like to purchase: you are being narrowcast to.
