2021-05-21
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – based on
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง base = ‘BEYS’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR BASE
Base, basis, foundation
refer to anything upon which a structure is built and upon which it rests.
Base usually refers to a literal supporting structure:
the base of a statue.
Basis more often refers to a figurative support:
the basis of a report.
Foundation implies a solid, secure understructure:
the foundation of a skyscraper or a rumor.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for base
Adjective (1)
mean deserving ofcontempt because of the absence of higher values.
BASE stresses the ignoble and may suggest cruelty, treachery, greed, or grossness.
base motives
LOW may connotecrafty cunning, vulgarity, or immorality
and regularly implies an outraging ofone's sense of decency or propriety.
refused to listen to such low talk
VILE, the strongestof these words, tends to suggest disgusting depravity or filth.
a vile remark
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
base vs. bass
Base is a noun, verb, and adjective.
The noun has a variety of meanings,
several of which refer to a literal orfigurative foundation or bottom,
as in: "the lamp's base,"
"the base of a mountain,"
"the company's customer base," and
"base of operations."
It's also used in various phrases like "touch base" and "on base."
The verb base means
"to have a particular place as the main place
where a person works or lives or where a business operates,"
as in: "a company based in Iowa."
It is also used in phrases with on and upon:
"an economy based on tourism."
The adjective base means "not honest or good,"
as in: "base motives."
Bass is a noun that refers to a low or deep sound or voice,
or to a musical instrument.
Another word bass rhymes with pass and refers to a kind of fish.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is It ‘Based on’ or‘Based off’?
Based on the evidence, ‘based on’ is the preferred choice.
What to Know
While it's more common to say that
something is "based on" something else
—as in: "The movie is based on a book"
—people increasingly say "based off" or "based off of":
"The movie is based off (of) a book."
"Based off" isn't wrong, butit's relatively new,
and is likely to sound wrong to some people.
When we, your friendly dictionary,
make assertions about the language,
we base those assertions on evidence.
One might also say that we base those assertions off evidence.
But how about that second version? Does it sound wrong to you?
Establishing a "Base"
When the verb base isused with its
“to find a foundation or basis for”
meaning, it usually pulls a preposition along with it to do the job.
Typically and historically,
that preposition is on, or somewhat less frequently, upon:
Our modern prophetic idealism is narrow
because it has undergone a persistent processof elimination.
We must ask for new things because we are not allowed to ask for old things.
The whole position is based on this idea that
we have got all the good that can be got out of the ideas of the past.
— G.K. Chesterton, What’s Wrong with the World, 1910
The prepositions on and upon seem logical enough for the phrase:
you find a foundation or basis forsomething on or upon something else: you build on that foundation or basis.
But increasingly we are seeing off filling the role on and upon hold:
Diets at the time, for rich and poor alike,
were based off the humoral scienceof the ancient Greeks,
which held that unevenness between the body’s four humors
—blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile) and melancholy (black bile)
—caused every kind of ailment.
— Michael Snyder, The New York Times Style Magazine, 17 July 2020
Usage of "Based off"
We don’t know why “based off” (often extended to “based off of”)
is movinginto territory “based on” has occupied since the mid-18th century, butwe do know that its use is relatively new.
Preliminary research shows it popping up inrecorded speech as far back as 1979:
[Coach Jack] Pardee admitted that some of the substituting
so far has been based "on guesswork, calculated guesswork,"
because no one on his staff was certain how the youngsters would hold up under pressure.
"How can you tell how a Neal Olkewicz will play?" he asked.
"You have a good idea, based off what he did in practice from the start of camp, but until they play, you can't definitely say."
— Paul Attner, The Washington Post, 16 Oct. 1979
The New York Exchange's nearby month is now for May delivery, and during the transition from February,
the floor traders "were able to make a market in May based off Chicago's June contract," Mr. Luk [Henry Luk, financial futures specialist] added.
—John Morris, The American Banker, 23 Feb. 1981
Evidence from edited text can be found from right around the same time:
A large group of lenders were persuaded to accept price risk, political risk, completion risk and operating risks, since there were no guarantees from the sponsors and the sale price was based off the world market prices.
— Mining Magazine, November 1981
But if the use strikes you as very new that would make good sense:
it’s seen a remarkable increase in popularity in the 21st century. Interestingly, the synonymously used phrase “going off (of)”
has followed a similar use trajectory:
To see a room rate well under $200 is a rarity….
The occupancy rate during my stay seemed quite low,
going off what I was able to see, with not many guests checking in or out and no crowds in the public spaces,
and so social distancing wasn't an issue.
— Paul Oswell, Business Insider, 8 Oct. 2020
The phrase going off (of) evokes the image of moving away from information or an idea that serves as a useful point of departure.
It’s likely that “based off (of)” evokes the same image for people who use it.
In truth, though, it doesn’t really matter
if “based off” makes logical sense.
While there areobservable patterns and semantic explanations
for many verb-preposition partnerships,
there are also plenty of examples forpartnerships that resist analysis.
We can, for example, drive down a street or up a street
and be moving in the same direction,
and though we love that people look words up in our dictionary,
we don’t really know why English speakers decided that
“looking a word up in the dictionary” was preferable to
“looking a word in the dictionary,”
which was what they’d been saying for centuries.
“Based off (of)” is still rare enough (and new enough)
that it’s likely to be noticed by some and to be judged an error.
Based on that fact, you might want to avoid it.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Touch base
Usage Notes
What It Means to ‘Touch Base’
Checking in with a sporting piece of business jargon
What to Know
Touch base isan idiom often seen in business contexts
meaning to make contact or reconnect withsomeone briefly,
such as: in "let's touch base next week."
The phrase is thought to have some relation to baseball
where both runner and fielders have to"touch base"
in order to be safe or record an out.
Perhaps the idea of the "base" became associated with "home base"
or place of meeting, before becoming the idiom we know today.
To touch base means
to make contact or communication with someone, usually briefly.
At the very least, when free agency kicks off this winter,
the Yankees and Cole, represented by Scott Boras,
will touch base and express mutual interest.
— Ken Davidoff, The New York Post, 22 Oct. 2019
Musial said he will be touching base with town staff
to see what additional information might be needed.
He said the timeframe for reapplying was up to the town.
— Stephen Beale, The Norwich Bulletin¸ 14 Oct. 2019
Touch Base: Business orBaseball?
Touch base often gets mentioned in lists of overused business jargon.
To modern speakers of English, especially Americans,
the phrase conjures images of baseball,
where the corner bases are stations with which
a runner must make contact before being put out
—or, perhaps, the need for a fielder possessing the ball
to make contact with one of the bases
to record an out incertain situations.
Although touch base as an idiom is rarely seen in that form
(i.e., without an article such as the) in modern descriptions of baseball,
it can be found in instances throughout the 20th century,
particularly in rule-book descriptions and the like:
If Mr. Umpire himself isin doubt at any time
as to whether a man did or did not reach
and touch base before a fielder secured the ball there,
it is always safest and best to give the benefit of it to the base-runner,
as the rules declare that the ball must be held
by the fielder before the runner touches the base.
— Richard George Knowles & Richard Morton, Baseball, 1896
Touch base can be found as well in instances
where base refers to some kind of station
with which contact is to be established.
The following describes the rules of a version of Hide and Seek:
When he is so engaged, the other players seek hiding places.
The instant he has replaced the wicket,
the leader begins to seek, or rather "spy," for upon seeing any one
"It" can rush back to touch base, crying the name of the player whom he has just spied.
— Godey’s Lady’s Book Magazine, December 1879
As the examples at the beginning of this article suggest,
current idiomatic use of touch base suggests
a meeting of sorts between two people.
It’s a rather long line to draw
from the idea of a baserunner reaching a base safely
to two people getting together to discuss business.
One possible explanation for the derivation
could be that the idea of base as a home or headquarters
might lead to the suggestion of a salesman
(for example) in the field “touching base”
—that is, returning to headquarters to meet with a client or colleague.
Some have also theorized that touch base
might be a corrupted form of touch bases or touch basis¸
but a lack of substantial evidence for either form
sends that theory back to the dugout.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
Based on
This phrase is not an absolute participle
such as are considering and given.
As a result, a sentence
such as “Based onyour record, you are clearly qualified for the job”
is ungrammatical because based on is a dangling modifier
with nothingto attach to.
Instead ofusing based on in such a statement,
try given or
considering or on the basis of.
