2021-03-23
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด W – when & as & and if
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง when = ‘HWEN’ or ‘WEN’ – unstressed = ‘hwuhn’ or ‘wuhn’
ออกเสียง as = ‘AZ’ -unstressed = ‘UHZ’
Dictionary.com
WHEN TO USE
What are other ways to say as?
The conjunction as means “since” or “because,”
but it is not used in exactly the same wayas the latter.
How is as different from because, since, for,and inasmuch as?
Find out on Thesaurus.com.
Dictionary.com &
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
USAGE NOTE FOR AS
As a conjunction, one sense of as is “because”:
As she was bored, Sue left the room.
As also has an equally common use in the sense “while, when”:
As the parade passed by, the crowd cheered and applauded.
These two sensessometimes result in ambiguity:
As the gates were closed, he walked away. (When? Because?)
As … as is standard in both positive and negativeconstructions:
The fleet was as widely scattered then as it had been at the start of the conflict.
Foreign service is not as attractiveas it once was.
So … as is sometimes used in negative constructions
(… not so attractive as it once was) and
in questions(“What is so rare as a day in June?” ).
The phrase as far as generally introduces a clause:
As far as money is concerned, the council has exhausted all its resources.
In some informal speech and writing,
as far as is treated as a preposition
and followed only by an object:
As far as money, the council has exhausted all its resources.
As to as a compound preposition
has long been standardthough occasionally
criticized as a vague substitute for about, of, on, or concerning:
We were undecided as to our destination.
As to sometimes occurs at the beginning of a sentence,
where it introduces an element
that would otherwisehave less emphasis:
As to his salary, that too will be reviewed.
As to what and as to whether are sometimes
considered redundant but have long been standard:
an argument as to what department was responsible.
See also all, farther, like1, so1.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
As
Usage Note:
Your mother is just as proud as me,
said the father to the child with good grades.
But should he have said,
Your mother is just as proud as I?
As with similar constructions using than,
a traditional rule states thatthe pronoun following
as ... as ... constructionsmust be in the nominative case
because She is just as proud as I
is really a truncated versionof the sentence
She is just as proud as I am.
Another way to view this situation
is to say that the second as
functions as a conjunction, not asa preposition,
in these sentences.
Whatever the merits of this logic,
the as me construction is very common in speech
and appears regularly in the writing of highly respected writers.
Moreover, it can be argued that the second as
is really a preposition in these constructions
and so, requires the objective case.
There is the further objection that
as I constructionsare overly formal, and even pretentious.
In short, both constructions are defensible, and both are subject to attack.
The safe betis to include the final verb to make a clause:
She is just as proud as I am.
In many dialects, people use as in place of that in sentences like
We are not sure as we want to go or It's not certain as he left.
But this use of as is limited mostly to speaking,
and it will likely seem inappropriate in formal writing.
Some nonstandard varieties of American English
differ fromthe standard language in
the form and usage of relative pronouns.
Where Standard Englishhas three relative pronouns
—who, which, and that
—regional dialects, particularly those of the South and Midlands, allow as and what as relative pronouns:
"They like nothing better than the job of leading off a young feller like you, as ain't never been away from home much" (Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage). The car what hit him never stopped.
When as expresses a causal relation,
it should be preceded by a comma,
as in She won't be coming, as we didn't invite her.
When as expresses a time relation, it is not preceded by a comma:
She was finishing the painting as I walked into the room.
When an as-clause begins a sentence,
it may be necessary to make clear whether as is used to mean "because" or "at the same time that."
The sentence
As they were leaving, I walked to the door
may mean either"I walked to the door because they were leaving"
or "I walked to the door at the same time that they were leaving."
As is sometimes used after verbs like consider, deem, and account,
as in
The paintings are considered as masterpieces in their home country.
The measure was deemed as unnecessary.
This usage may have arisen
by analogy to the long-established
use of as after regard and esteem in standard contexts:
We regarded her as the best writer among us.
In our 2009 survey, however,
more than 80 percent of the Usage Panel
rejected sentences in which as followed consider in this way,
including the sentence just quoted.
These constructions bear the stigma of redundancy
and should be avoided in careful writing.
See Usage Notes at because, equal, like2, so1.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Like vs. as:Usage Guide
Conjunction
Like has been used as a conjunction in ways similar to as
since the 14th century.
In the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries it was used in serious literature, but not often;
in the 17th and 18th centuries it grew more frequent but less literary.
It became markedly more frequent in literary use again in the 19th century.
By mid-century it was coming under critical fire,
but not from grammarians, oddly enough,
who were wrangling over whether it could be called a preposition or not.
There is no doubt that, after 600 years of use,
conjunctive like is firmly established.
It has been used by many prestigious literary figures of the past,
though perhaps not in their most elevated works;
in modern useit may be found in
literature, journalism, and scholarly writing.
While the present objectionto it is
perhaps more heated than rational,
someone writing in a formal prose style
may well prefer to use as, as if, such as,
or an entirely different construction instead.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
When
Usage Note:
In informalstyle
when is often used after forms of be in definitions:
A dilemma is when you don't know which way to turn.
Although useful, this construction is widely regarded
as incorrect orunsuitable for formal discourse.
In formal stylesuch definitions should be recast
to eliminate is when,
either bysupplying a generic term that
may be modified by a restrictive adjective clause
(A dilemma is a situation in which you don't know which way to turn)
or by making the when-clause adverbial
(You are in a dilemma when you don't know which way to turn).
When is acceptable, however,
when a noun phrase that denotes a point in time
is being definedor described:
The best time to drink this tea is when you are sleepy.
Collins English Usage
when
Usage:
When should not be used loosely as a substitute
for in which after a noun which does not refer to a period of time:
paralysis is a condition in which (not when) parts of the body cannot be moved
Collins COBUILD English Usage
when
1. used in questions
You use when to ask about the time that
something happenedor will happen.
When did you arrive?
'They're getting married.' – 'When?' – 'Next month.'
2. used in time clauses
You use when in time clauses to say that
something happened, happens, or will happen at a particular time.
He left school when he was sixteen.
When I have free time, I always spend it fishing.
If you are talking about the future,
use the present simple in the time clause, not a future form.
For example,
say 'Stop when you feel tired'.
Don't say'Stop when you will feel tired'.
When you get to the hotel, go to reception and give your name.
I'll come when I finish work.
3. 'when', 'as', and 'while'
If you want to say what was happening at the time
that an event occurred,
you can begin by saying
what was happening, then add a clause beginning with when.
I was just going out when there was a knock at the door.
We were at our desks working when we heard the explosion.
You can also use as or while to say
what was happening when an event occurred.
When you use one of these words,
you describe the event in the main clause
and say what was happening in the clause
beginning with as or while.
As I was out walking one day, I saw a very unusual bird.
While I was standing at the bus stop, Raul came by.
If you want to say that two events
are continuing to happen at the same time,
you usually use while.
What were you thinking about while he was talking to you?
I don't like music playing while I am working.
4. used with 'why'
When has another use which is not related to time.
You can add a clause beginning with when to a question
which begins with why,
as a way of expressing surpriseor disagreement.
The when-clauseshows the reason for your surprise or disagreement.
Why should I help him when he refused to help me?
Why worry her when there's nothing she can do about it?
Collins COBUILD English Usage
As
1. used in time clauses
If something happens as something else happens,
it happens while the other thing is happening.
She cried as she told her story.
The play started as I got there.
You also use as to say that
something is done whenever something happens.
Parts are replaced as they grow old.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'as' simply to mean 'at the time that'.
For example,
don't say'As I started work here, the pay was £20 an hour'.
You say 'When I started work here, the pay was £20 an hour'.
See when
2. meaning 'because'
As is often used to mean 'because' or 'since'.
She bought herself an iron as she felt she couldn't keep borrowing Anne's.
As he had been up since 4 a.m. he was now very tired.
See because
3. used with adjectives
You can use as in front of an adjective
to say how someone or something is regarded or described.
They regarded manual work as degrading.
His teachers described him as brilliant.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'as' after comparative adjectives.
Don't say, for example, 'The trees are taller as the church'.
You say 'The trees are taller than the church'.
She was much older than me.
4. used in prepositional phrases
You can also use as in prepositional phrases
to say how someone or something isregarded, described, treated, or used.
Pluto was originally classified as a planet.
I treated business as a game.
I wanted to use him as an agent.
You can also use as in prepositional phrases
to say what role or function someone or something has.
He worked as a clerk.
Bleach acts as an antiseptic.
5. used in comparisons
In writing, as is sometimes used
to compare one action to another.
He looked over his shoulder as Jack had done.
She pushed him, as she had pushed her son.
Like and the way are used in a similar way.
Be Careful!
You don't usually use 'as' in front of a noun phrase
when you are comparing one thing or person to another.
Don't say, for example, 'She sang as a bird'.
You say 'She sang like a bird'.
He swam like a fish.
I am a worker like him.
Be Careful!
However, you can make a comparison
using as, an adjective or adverb, and another as.
For example, you can say 'You're just as bad as your sister'.
For more information, see as ... as
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Like – as – the way
1. used as conjunctions
You can use like, as, or the way as conjunctions
when you are comparing
one person's behaviour or appearance to another's.
In the clause which follows the conjunction, the verb is usually do.
For example,
you can say 'He walked to work every day, like his father had done',
'He walked to work every day, as his father had done', or
'He walked to work every day, the way his father had done'.
I never behave like she does.
They were people who spoke and thought as he did.
Start lending things, the way people did in the war.
2. used as prepositions
Like and as can be prepositions,
but their meaning is not usually the same.
For example,
if you dosomething like a particular kind of person,
you do itthe way that kind of person would do it,
although you are notthat kind of person.
We worked like slaves.
If you do something as a particular kind of person,
you are that kind of person.
Over the summer she worked as a waitress.
I can only speak as a married man without children.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
when & as& and if
This expression appears often in conversation,
especially business talk:
“I’ll buy your product when, as, and if, you increase the discount.”
Either when or if will convey the idea.
