2021-03-19
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด W – wash & clean
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง wash = ‘WAWSH’ or ‘WOSH’
ออกเสียง clean = ‘KLEEN’
Dictionary.com
Pandemic Words & Phrases People Want To Stop Hearing
Wash your hands
By now, we’re all hand-washing experts.
Maybe you’re even ready to try a new title for it:
mitt laundering, extremity cleansing, paw scrubbing.
This phrase (and the act it describes) isn’t going anywhere, so spend your 20-second trip to the sink mulling over some new ways to talk about it.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR CLEAN
Clean, clear, pure
refer to freedom from soiling, flaw, stain, or mixture.
Clean refers especially to freedom from soiling:
a clean shirt.
Clear refers particularly to freedom from flaw or blemish:
a clear pane of glass.
Pure refers especially to freedom from mixture or stain:
a pure metal; not diluted but pure and full strength. 35.
Clean, cleanse refer to removing dirt or impurities.
To clean is the general word with no implication of method or means:
to clean windows, a kitchen, streets.
Cleanse is especiallyused of thorough cleaning by chemical or other technical process;
figurativelyit applies to moral or spiritual purification:
to cleanse parts of machinery; to cleanse one's soul of guilt.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
'Clean,' 'Sanitize,' or 'Disinfect'?
Keep it clean.
What to Know
Clean, sanitize, and disinfect
are often used in overlapping contexts
but the general distinction is that
"to clean"refers to scrubbing with soap and water,
whereas "sanitizing" and "disinfecting"
kill germs and bacteria via chemical means.
Typically, disinfectants kills more germs than sanitizers.
'Sane' (at the root of 'sanitize') originally referred to physical health.
There are some ideas
for which English seems to provide nuance (ใกล้เคียง)
to the point of redundancy.
Think of our words for large, for example,
including huge, giant, big, enormous, gigantic,
gargantuan, ginormous, colossal, and massive.
It might be said that,
though shades of meaning certainly exist among these terms,
it can often be hard to distinguish one synonym clearly from another.
Sometimes, though, such richness of vocabulary
accompanies differences that are critical for medicalor scientific reasons.
The Meaning of 'Cleaning'
Take our words for clean, for example.
At its most basic, clean means “free from dirt or pollution,”
and goes back to Old English as an adjective meaning “clear” or “pure.”
Its original verb form (“to make clean”) was cleanse,
with the synonymous verb to clean
entering the language centuries later, in the 1400s.
The fact that we have both clean and cleanse as verbs
may seem like an oddity (just one of countless oddities)
in the development of English,
except for the fact that fluent speakers consistently use them
to mean different things:
we clean our roomsbut we cleanse our souls.
Clean is much more frequently used,
and is less specific than the more metaphorical and medical cleanse.
Technical Languageand Latin: 'Sanitize'
To get even moretechnical and specific,
we turn to the Latin-based word sanitize.
This follows a venerable pattern in English:
more basic, familiar, and householdterms
have come down to us from Old English,
while more technical, scientific, and legal terms
—even if they are near synonyms
—come down to us from Latin.
These distinctions are so natural
that we make them unconsciously, but, again,
English speakers usually use these near-synonyms
in different settings and circumstances:
leaf/foliage
murder/homicide
belly/abdomen
buy/purchase
ownership/provenance
wedding/marriage
Another of these pairingsis clean (or wash) and sanitize.
Clean comes from the Old English word for “pure,” and
sanitize derives from the Latin word for “healthy,” sanus,
the same root that gave us the words sanity, sane, sanitary,and sanitation.
Sanity is the oldest of these words in English,
and it originally meant “healthy,”
starting in the mid-1400s, before
coming to mean“soundness or health of mind” by the end of the 1500s:
He that is not 21. yeeres olde, or is not of perfect minde and memorie, maie be assigned tutor: but it is to be vnderstoode that hee shall be tutor when he is of ful age, or when he doth returne to sanitie of minde.
— Henry Swinburne, A briefe treatise of testaments and last willes, 1591
The distinction between
sanity meaning “soundness of mind” and
healthy,meaning “soundness of body”
was made during the 16th century.
It’s intriguing that even though the word
health comes straight from Old English—it’s as old as the language itself
—the term healthy entered the language centuries later,
just as sanity was shifting its reference from the body to the mind.
The language had made a distinction
that became ever more clear
as the two words settled into use.
Sane similarly referred to physical health at first
(this corresponds to the modern French word sain/saine).
As late as 1828, Noah Webster gave as his first definition:
- 1. Sound; not disordered or shattered; healthy; as a sane body.
This use is rarely encountered today;
to us, sane mean “able tothink normally” or “rational or sensible.”
Last to enter the language were sanitary and sanitation,
which actually derived from the French word sanitaire
and entered English in the mid-1800s,
during the period when a causal relationship
between clean surgical conditions
and lower infection rates was being discovered.
This is the moment that also gave us sanitize,
defined as “to make sanitary (as by cleaningor sterilizing).”
By the time these three words were introduced,
enough time had passed that
there was no direct connection with physical health
(sanitary was never a synonym of healthy as sane had been),
because of the evolution of the related terms.
The Origin of 'Sterilize'
Sterilize was first used in the 1600s as the opposite of fertilize:
it referred to land that could not be used to grow crops.
It was later applied to the incapacity to produce offspring
before coming to mean “to clean by destroying germs or bacteria”
shortly after sanitize was introduced.
An old word gained a new meaning.
The Origin of 'Disinfect'
The idea of protecting from infection
leads us to an older word: disinfect.
Even though pathogens like bacteria and viruses
were not scientifically understood
when these words were coined,
infection has been in use since the 1300s,
and disinfect entered the language in the late 1500s.
As medical practices became more precise,
so did the use of these terms,
though it can sometimes be hard to know
what the exact differences are.
Our definition for sanitize uses“clean”
and our definition for disinfect uses"cleanse,"
words which, as we know,
show different patterns of linguistic (if not scientific) usage.
A Formal Guideline for Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting
Though the definitions may not give medical precision,
we can get more information from government recommendations.
These Environmental Protection Agency guidelines
make a clear distinction between “cleaning” and “sanitizing”:
Cleaning is done with water, a cleaning product, and scrubbing.
Cleaning does not kill bacteria, viruses, or fungi,
which are generally referred to as “germs.”
Cleaning products are used to remove germs, dirt, and other organic material by washing them down the drain.
Sanitizing and disinfecting products are chemicals
that work by killing germs.
These chemicals are also called antimicrobial pesticides...
Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.
In most cases, a cleaning product is used first.
Then the surface is either sanitized or disinfected when it is necessary.
Sanitizing and disinfecting are different
from simple cleaning or washing
because they kill germsby chemical means, and, further,
“Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.”
Guidelines from the CDC use wash to refer to cleaning with soap and water, and sanitize means using bleach.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is there a difference between ‘clean’ and ‘cleanse?’
Either gets the job done.
What to Know
Clean and cleanse both mean
"to free something of dirt or impurities."
Clean is used more generally to address
everything from washing to tidying up.
Cleanse is used more specifically to address
removing dirt or germs, especially via washing,
and is also used figuratively as seen in"cleanse the body/mind."
to make something free from dirt or impurities.
But while clean can be found in a range of general contexts,
cleanse usually gets applied in more specific instances.
Differences Between 'Clean' and 'Cleanse'
You can use clean to mean simply “to make neat”
(made the kids clean their rooms) or
“to remove a stain or mess” (used a sponge to clean up the spill).
Clean your phone. Apple updated its care instructions to say that wiping the hard surfaces of a phone with 70% isopropyl alcohol is fine, as long as no moisture gets into any openings, keys, or charging ports.
— Arianne Cohen, Fast Company, 10 Mar. 2020
Cleanse often suggests the act of removing dirt or impurities primarily through the effort of washing. You might cleanse a surface with bleach, for example. You also might go on a special diet to cleanse the body of toxins, the nutrients essentially washing them from the body.
If you have a plastic or fabric base, be sure to cleanse it with a non-metallic scrub brush to prevent scratching.
— Deanna deBara, Martha Stewart Living, 18 Mar. 2020
Once gum disease is cleansed from the mouth, the bacteria will no longer spread throughout the body, thus improving the body's overall health.
— PR Newswire, 7 Jan. 2020
Figurative Use of 'Cleanse'
Cleanse often occurs in figurative contexts as well,
with specific mention given of the thing being purged:
Her interactions with the community’s mediums and psychics include a ceremony to cleanse her home of a suspected ghost, a session of table talking in which the oak-legged furniture apparently dances around the room and an experiment in dowsing.
— Deborah Blum, The New York Times Book Review, 25 Oct. 2019
'Clean' and 'Cleanse' as Nouns
Similarly, both cleaner and cleanser can be used
for a product or preparation that helps with cleaning.
Cleaner tends to be preferred when dealing with that
which removes a stain from a surface
(glass or window cleaner) or laundry agents.
On the other hand,
the noun cleanser is more often used for a product
like a scouring powder, which works to penetrate a surface
(an abrasive cleanser).
It’s also used for treatments that work on the skin (a facial cleanser).
Collins COBUILD English Usage
wash
1. used as a transitive verb
If you wash something,
you clean it with water and usually with soap or detergent.
He got a job washing dishes in a pizza parlour.
She washes and irons their clothes.
You can wash a part of your body.
First wash your hands.
She combed her hair and washed her face.
2. used without an object
If someone washes, they wash parts of their body,
especially their hands and face.
This is a formal or literary use.
In conversation and in less formal writing,
you usually say that someone has a wash.
She rose early and washed.
He went upstairs to have a wash.
3. 'wash up'
In American English, if someone washes up,
they wash parts of their body, especially their hands and face.
I'll just go wash up before dinner.
In British English, if someone washes up,
they wash the pans, plates, cups, and cutlery
which have been used in cooking and eating a meal.
I cooked, so you can wash up.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Wash
In my mother’s Oklahoma dialect,
“wash” was pronounced“warsh,”
and I was embarrassed to discover in school
that the inclusion of the superfluous “R” sound
was considered ignorant.
This has made me all the more sensitive now
that I live in Washington to the mispronunciation
“Warshington.”
Some people tell you that after you “warsh”you should “wrench” (“rinse”).
