2020-12-28
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด R – Required & prescribed
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Required = ‘ri-KWAHYUHR’
ออกเสียง prescribed = ‘pri-SKRAHYB’
COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY
USAGE FOR REQUIRE
The use of require to
as in I require to see the manager
or you require to complete a special form
is thought by many people to be incorrect:
I need to see the manager; you are required to complete a special form
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Proscribe vs. Prescribe
Proscribe and prescribe
each have a Latin-derived prefix that
means "before" attached tothe verb "scribe"
(from scribere, meaning "to write").
Yet the two words have very distinct, often nearly opposite meanings.
Why?
In a way, you could say it's the law.
In the 15th and 16th centuries both words had legalimplications.
To proscribe was to publish the name
of a person who had been condemned,outlawed, or banished.
To prescribe meant "to lay down a rule,"
including legal rules or orders.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
On 'Prescribe' and 'Proscribe'
Just what the doctor ordered (or forbade you from doing).
What to Know
Prescribe means
to instruct or dictate a rulefor others to follow.
A doctor prescribes medicine for treatment.
Proscribe, although it sounds similar,
is the opposite and means to forbidsomething.
The Meaning of 'Prescribe'
To prescribe means to lay down or dictate a rule
or instruction for others to follow.
To take a common example,
a doctor prescribes a medicine as a remedyfor an ailment.
But there are other uses:
Now, as the assistant fire management officer - or "burn boss"
- for the Karuk Tribe in Northern California,
Rubalcaba's job is to ignite and control prescribed burns.
The forest management technique guides the destruction of vegetation that could fuel future wildfires. — Anton L. Delgado and Dustin Patar, ABCNews.com, 14 Aug. 2019
Both the Spokane Regional Health District Board of Health bylaws
and state law prescribe how a health officer can be removed or approved.
The SRHD Board bylaw states “the board of health shall approve the appointment and termination of a District Health Officer.”… State law also prescribes protocols for removing a health officer, including a hearing about the reasons for that person’s removal.
— Arielle Dreher, The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, Wash.), 2 Nov. 2020
Prescribe comes from the Latin praescribere,
meaning "to write at the beginning,dictate, order."
It attaches the prefix prae- ("before") to scribere, meaning "to write."
The Meaning of 'Proscribe'
Another verb in English,
proscribe,also derives from a Latin prefix
meaning "before" (pro-) and scribere.
But proscribe has a meaning essentially the opposite
of that of prescribe.
To proscribe something means toforbid it as harmful or unlawful.
Here is the potter David Drake, who, at a time when literacy was proscribed for enslaved people, inscribed his work with rhyming couplets about family separation in slavery (“I wonder where is all my relations / Friendship to all — and every nation”).
— Parul Seghal, The New York Times, 10 Nov. 2020
The UK Parliament is set to pass new rules classifying Hezbollah as a terrorist group. Parts of the Lebanese organisation have been proscribed since 2001, with its military wing banned since 2008.— BBC.com, 25 Feb. 2019
In the 15th century, proscribe had a more specific legal application,
referring to the action of publishing the name of a person
who had been condemned, outlawed, or banished.
Hence its derivation from the Latin word for "to write"
that it shared with prescribe.
Prescribe is generally the more common of the two words,
and anyone who uses the formal verb proscribe
in their regular discourse is usually keen to the distinction.
Keeping them separate, therefore,
is often more difficult for the reader or listener
(especially since they sound alike when spoken quickly).
Context will usually tell you if an action
is being ordered (prescribed) or prohibited(proscribed).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
A Word on 'Descriptive' and 'Prescriptive' Defining
When it comes to words, we're the descriptive sort.
What to Know
Merriam-Webster is a descriptive dictionary
in that it aims to describe and indicate
how words are actually used by English speakersand writers.
Generally, the descriptive approach to lexicography
does not dictate how words should be used or set forth rules
of "correctness," unlike the prescriptive approach.
Readers of our online content
might occasionally encounter the juxtaposition
of two basic schools of thought
in lexicography: descriptivism and prescriptivism.
At Merriam-Webster, we embrace the descriptive approach
—that is, we write definitions that describe
or, if you will, reflect how words are actually
used by writers and speakers of the English language.
Prescriptivism, on the other hand, is an approach
that attempts to prescribe (some might say recommend or even dictate)
how words ought to be used.
A purely prescriptive dictionary
would disregard usage of the living language
and instead rely on ideas of "correctness" set forth in "rules"
that the prescriptivist imagines should be imposed upon the language.
In addition, all dictionaries
may be classified as descriptive or prescriptive,
and some seek to be both types.
A descriptive dictionary is one that attempts to describe
how a word is used,
while a prescriptive dictionary is one that prescribes
how a word should be used.
For example, a descriptive dictionary
might define desert as a place with little water,
such as the Sahara,
while a prescriptive dictionary
might define it as a place that averages less than 10 inches of rain a year,
which would make the Arctic and Antarcticdeserts,
because neither gets that much rain,
although both of them have a great deal of water,
which happens to be frozen.
There is more agreement among descriptive dictionaries than among prescriptive dictionaries….
— Martin Naparsteck, Honesty in the Use of Words, 2005
There are two main approaches to the study of usage:
prescriptive and descriptive.
Prescriptivism involves the laying down of rules
by those claiming to have special knowledge of or feeling for a language.
Prescriptive advice tends to be conservative,
changes being regarded with suspicion if not disdain.
Descriptivism involves the objective description of the way
a language works as observed in actual examples of the language.
Descriptive advice
—almost an oxymoron
—about the acceptability of a word or construction
is based solely on usage.
If a word or expression is not found in careful or formal speech
or writing, good descriptive practice requires the reporting of this information. — Jesse Sheidlower, The Atlantic, December 1996
Dictionaries that record and catalogue the language thus cannot ever be prescriptive; they must always be entirely descriptive, telling of the language as it is, not as it should be.
— Simon Winchester, The Meaning of Everything, 2003
How Descriptivism Works
The task of the descriptive lexicographer
is to record the existence of words in the living language
and to discover and define how they are used
by searching through linguistic corpora
(corpora is the plural of corpus, a word for a searchable text database).
The corpora of a language provide the lexicographer with
usage evidence of words,
including that which may be considered incorrector objectionable
by some people, to mull over in their defining work.
In cases in which a particular word is largely disparaged
(for example, ain't and irregardless),
the descriptive dictionary consultant is given guidance that informs
them that usage of the word may be received unfavorably.
At the entry for irregardless,we provide a paragraph
in which we note that the use of the word is still met
with considerable objection,
and we even go so far as to advise the reader to use regardless instead
—which is about as close as we get to offering
a usage prescription in our dictionaries.
As language descriptivists,
we aim to provide unbiased and accuratereports
on the ways words are used today
and how they were used in the past.
We are chroniclers of the English language,
not prescriptivists, and we are happy to share our findings with you.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Required & prescribed
That which is required is demanded, obligatory, necessary, and essential:
“It is required that all applicants be citizens of this country.”
“A health certificate will be required.”
“The physician prescribed bed rest for the patient.”
“This student’s prescribed course of study contained several required subjects.”
A requirement is a demand;
a prescription is a direction or recommendation.
