2020-12-10
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – proved & proven
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง proven= ‘PROOV’
ออกเสียง Proven = ‘PRU-VEN”
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR PROVE
Either proved or proven is standard as the past participle of prove :
Events have proved (or proven ) him wrong.
As a modifier, proven is by far the more common:
a proven fact.
HISTORICAL USAGE OF PROVE
The idiom “The exception proves the rule”
comes direct from the Roman statesman, lawyer, orator, and man of letters
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b.c.) in a speech he wrote and delivered,
Pro Balbo, in 56 b.c., as defense counsel for Lucius Cornelius Balbo Major (“Senior”).
The full Latin sentence is exceptiō probat rēgulam in cāsibus non exceptīs
“The exception tests the rule in cases that are not excepted,”
which makes clear the implied existence of a general rule:
for example,
“No parking on Saturdays and Sundays”
implies that parking is allowed the other five days of the week.
Most often, however, the amputated sentence
“The exception proves the rule”
allows the meaning to be “The exception validates the rule.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
proved or proven?: Usage Guide
The past participle proven,
originally the past participle of preve, a Middle English variant of prove
that survived in Scotland, has gradually worked its wayinto standard English
over the past three and a half centuries.
It seems to have first become established in legal use
and to have come only slowly into literaryuse.
Tennyson was one of its earliest frequent users, probably for metrical reasons.
It was disapproved by 19th century grammarians,
one of whom included it in a list of "words that are not words."
Surveys made some 50 or 60 years ago indicated
that proved was about four timesas frequent as proven.
But our evidence from the last 30 or 35 years shows this no longer to be the case.
As a past participle proven is now about as frequent as proved in all contexts.
As an attributive adjective proved or proven gas reserves proven is much more common than proved.
American Heritage Dictionary
prove
USAGE NOTE:
Proved is actually the older form ofthe past participle;
proven is a Scottish variant that was first introduced into
wider usage in legal contexts:
The jury ruled that the charges were not proven.
Both forms are now well established in writtenEnglish as participles:
He has proved (or proven) his point.
The claims have not been proved (or proven).
However, proven is more common when the word
is used as an adjective before a noun: a proven talent.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
prov′a·bil′i·ty, prov′a·ble·ness n.
prov′a·ble adj.
prov′a·bly adv.
prov′er n.
Usage Note:
Prove has two past participles: proved and proven.
Proved is the older form. Proven is a variant.
The Middle English spellings of prove included preven,
a form that died out in England but survived in Scotland,
and the past participle proven probably rose by analogy with verbs like weave, woven and cleave, cloven.
Proven was originally used in Scottish legalcontexts,
such as The jury ruled that the charges were not proven.
In the 1900s, proven made inroads intothe territory once dominated by proved,
so that now the two forms compete on equal footing as participles.
However, when used as an adjective before a noun,
proven is now the more common word: a proven talent.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
For most purposes either form is a fine past participle
of “prove,” though in a phrase like “a proven
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
proved & proven
The past tense of prove is proved;
the past participle is proved or proven:
The debater proved his point through the use of many illustrations.”
“This machine has proved (or proven satisfactory.”
The preferred form of the past participle of proveis proved
(David has proved his point).
Proven is standard and preferred as an adjective used before a noun (a proven belief).
Also “not proven” is more commonly used than “not proved,”
although both phrases are standard.
