2020-12-02
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด P – precedence & precedent
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง precedence = ‘PRES-i-duhns’ or ‘pri-SEED-ns’
ออกเสียง precedent – noun+adj. = ‘PRES-i-duhnt” or adj. = ‘pri-SEED-nt”
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Precedence = priority in time, order, or importance;
the right to precede others on formal occasions
Not to be confused with:
precedents – previous cases or legal decisions taken as a guide or justification for subsequent cases; example, model, pattern, standard
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005
precedence
For communications —
A designation assigned to a message by the originator
to indicate to communications personnel the relative order of handling
and to the addressee the order in which the message is to be noted.
Examples of communication precedence
from most immediate to least
are flash, immediate, priority, and routine
For reconnaissance—
A letter designation, assigned by a unit requesting several reconnaissance missions, to indicate the relative order of importance
(within an established priority) of the mission requested
For evacuation—
The assignment of a priority for medical evacuation
that is based on patient condition,
advice of the senior medical person at the scene, and the tactical situation.
See also flash message; immediate message; priority message; routine message.
Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group
precedent
A decision made by a court
that is taken as authorization or a standardin a subsequent case.
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What does precedent mean?
A precedent is an act or decisionthat
serves as a guide for future situations with similar circumstances.
For example,
the first U.S. president, George Washington,
set a precedent when he limited himself to only two terms as president,
and presidents ever since
(with the exception of Franklin Delano Roosevelt) have followed that precedent
—meaning they have done the same thing.
Precedent is especially used in a legal context,
in which it refers to a past court decision or judicial ruling
that can be used as a guideline for decisions in similar cases.
In this context,
precedent often refers collectively to all previous decisions relevant to the case.
This sense of the word is used without the articles a or the,
as in This ruling was based onprecedent.
Typically,
lower courts (such as a state trial court or a U.S. district court)
will look at decisions made by higher courts
(such as a state supreme court or a U.S. court of appeals)
to use as judicial precedent.
Basing judicial decisions on precedent
is intended to make them more objective or impartial
due to not being based on a singlepersonal opinion.
Still, decisions are not required to be made based on precedent.
Judges may break precedent or go against precedent in certain cases.
These phrases can also be used outside of a legal context.
In general, when something has never been doneor has never happened before,
it can be described as without precedent.
The word unprecedented means the same thing.
Much less commonly,
precedent can be used as an adjectivethat means the same thing as preceding
(which is much more commonly used).
Example:
If we make this a holiday, we’ll set a precedent that our employees will expect us to follow every year.
Where does precedent come from?
The first records of the word precedent come from the 1300s.
It ultimately comes from the Latin praecēdere, meaning “to go in front of” or “to go ahead of.”
The noun sense of precedent is based on its earlier adjective use.
The word precedent starts with the word precede,
meaning “to go before,”
and precedents always involve things that have come before.
In law,
precedent is usually created when several previous cases
have resulted in the same decision—though a single decision can set a precedent.
The plural form precedents should not be confused with the noun precedence,
which means the right to go before others.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Precedent' vs. 'Precedence'
Give this precedence if you have ever "set a precedence."
What to Know
A precedent is "something done or said to serve as a rule or example."
The similar sounding precedence is a separate word meaning "priority"
and is usually paired with"give" or "take,"
such as when something more important "takes precedence" over something else.
A handy trick for keeping them distinct is the "precedence"
ranks first in the dictionary, and is related to rank.
The nouns precedence and precedents are homophones
and, like many similar-sounding words before them, have inevitably been confused.
Originally, this wasn't an issue because the words were used synonymously.
It's suspected that
precedence may have come about as an error for the plural
of the earlier noun precedent,
meaning "something done or said that serves as an example or rule."
In modern use, however, each word has distinct meaning,
and each is often found in distinct collocations.
Knowing what words are arranged with each homophone is useful
in making sure you're choosing the right one.
Meaning of Precedence
Perhaps partly influenced by French précédence, meaning "priority" or "pre-eminence," English precedence began being used in the late 1500s in senses relating to order and rank.
Specifically, it came to denote
priority of importance, or the superiority of rank at a ceremonial or formal social gathering
—for example, guests at a banquet might be introduced or seated "in order of precedence."
Idiomatically, precedence is often used with the verbs take, have, or give.
Family matters can be said to "take/have precedence" over one's job,
for instance; or a piece of legislation might "give precedence" to big business.
Meaning of Precedent
On the other hand,
the noun precedent is frequently used in the phrase "to set a precedent,"
meaning "to set an example or ruleto be followed."
The word is often used in legal contexts,
where it denotes a judicial decision that should be followed by a judge
when deciding a later similar case.
When something contradicts an established precedent or prevailing custom or practice, it is said to"break with precedent" or "go against precedent."
Another common collocation is "without precedent"
in reference to something not supported by a prior example or ruling.
More commonly, something said to be "without precedent" is unprecedented.
Both unprecedented and precedented appear in the English language in the 17th century.
Confusion with President
In early use,
unprecedented and precedented were sometimes written
using the base word president,
and precedence and precedent were also sometimes written as presidence and president.
Mr. Boyle said that was not regular nor presidented. — Sir Richard Cocks, diary, 15 April 1701
This was never done by the Parliament here, much less ought the Assembly to assume the power of Disposing of such stores as had been sent over by Her Majesty, which is such a presumption as is unpresidented in any other Assembly in America, and therefore the Council were very much in the right not to agree to the same. — Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York, letter, 13 Nov. 1711
By such a provision a dangerous president is introduced.
— John Milton, A Soveraigne Salve To Cure The Blind, 1643
Those spelling variants have since fallen into disuse.
Today, president familiarly refers to a head of a country or organization.
It is etymologically distinct from precedence and precedent
—being derived from the Latin present participle of praesidēre, "to preside over"
—and is pronounced differently, having a \z\ at the start of the second syllable.
Except for maybe falling victim to a mistaken autocorrect or auto-complete,
we're confident you won't mix them up.
However, we are aware that the similarity in pronunciation of precedence and precedents has led to some misuse of the words.
If in doubt, check a dictionary
—or keep in mind that,
alphabetically, precedence ranks first
and has meanings relating to rank and priority of importance.
On the other hand,
precedent refers to something that has been set as an example to follow.
Perhaps, the "t" in set can help you recall the correct word.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
precedence & precedent
Although these words sound the same, they work differently.
The pop star is given precedence over the factory worker at the entrance to the dance club.
“Precedents” is just the plural of“precedent":
“If we let the kids adopt that rattlesnake as a pet and agree to let them take it for a walk in Death Valley,
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
precedence & precedent
These words have common origins in Latin terms
meaning “to go before” and “to yield.”
“Precedence refer to “the act or fact of going before,”
“priority in rank or order,” “the right to go in front”:
“On highways, ambulance have precedence (or take precedence) over civilian cars.”
“The Secretary of State has precedence over other members of the President’s Cabinet.”
Precedent means a preceding instance, case, or example;
in law, it refers to a legal decision that acts as a guide in resolving later cases:
“By living thriftily, some parents hope to set a precedent for their children.”
“The Brown v. Bpard of Education of Topeka, Kansas, decision of the Supreme Court in 1954 set a precedent for all cases involving public schooling in the United States.”
