2020-11-09
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - Mr. & Mrs. & Ms.
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Mr. = ‘MIS-ter’ – plural = ‘Messrs’ = ‘MES-erz’
ออกเสียง Mrs. = ‘MIS-iz’ or ‘MIZ-iz’ - plural = Mmes = ‘mey-DAHM’
US spelling – Ms. = British spelling = Ms= ออกเสียง ‘MIZ’
Dictionary.com
PRONUNCIATION NOTE FOR MRS.
Mrs., first recorded in the early 17th century, was originally,
like Miss, an abbreviation of mistress.
Mrs. and mistress were at first used interchangeably in all contexts,
but by the second half of that century,
the written form of the abbreviation was largely confined to use
as a title preceding a woman's surname.
By the early 19th century, reduction of the medial consonant cluster had contracted the usual pronunciation of the title
from [mis-tris] to [mis-is] or [mis-iz].
The contracted pronunciation used other than as a title was not considered standard,
and today, locutions like Let me discuss it with the missis
are perceived as old-fashioned.
Currently, two main types of pronunciation for the abbreviation
occur in the United States; [mis-iz] and sometimes [mis-is] are the common forms in the North and North Midland,
while in the South Midland and South,
the prevalent types are [miz-iz] and [miz], the latter homophonous
with the usual pronunciation of the abbreviation Ms.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR MS.
Ms. came into use in the 1950s as a title before a woman's surname when her marital status was unknown or irrelevant.
In the early 1970s, the use of Ms. was adopted and encouraged by the women's movement, the reasoning being that since a man's marital status is not revealed by the title Mr., there is no reason that a woman's status should be revealed by her title. Since then Ms. has gained increasing currency, especially in business and professional use.
Some women prefer the traditional Miss
(still fully standard for a woman whose marital status is unknown and for an unmarried woman) or, when appropriate, Mrs.
Newspaper editors sometimes reject Ms. except in quoted matter.
Others use whichever of the three titles a woman prefers if her preference is known. Increasingly, newspapers avoid the use of all three titles by referring to women by their full names in first references ( Sarah Brady; Margaret Bourke-White ) and by surname only, as with men, in subsequent references: Brady, Bourke-White.
Since all three titles— Ms., Miss, and Mrs. —remain in use,
the preference of the woman being named or addressed or the practice of the organization or publication in which the name is to appear is often followed.
Dictionary.com
PRONUNCIATION NOTE FOR MS.
Ms. is pronounced (miz),
a pronunciation that is identical with one standard South Midland and Southern U.S. pronunciation of Mrs.
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY
NOTES FOR MS.
Feminists have urged the use of Ms. because,
unlike Miss or Mrs., it does not identify a woman by her marital status. (See feminism.)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Frequently Asked Questions About mR
What is the plural of Mr.?
The plural of Mr. is Messrs.
There is a reason for this seemingly incongruous change:
were one to simply add an s to the end of Mr.
it would be indistinguishable from the honorific for a married woman,
and so the plural is made by shortening the plural form of the French word for Misters (Messieurs).
What is the plural of Mrs.?
The plural of Mrs. is Mmes.,
a shortening of the French plural Mesdames. English borrowed the French plural for this honorific after adopting Messrs. for the plural of Mr..
This was done because it would have been difficult to otherwise distinguish Mr. from Mrs. had we formed the plural by simply adding an s to it.
How do you pluralize Ms. and Miss?
Miss (an unmarried woman or girl) is pluralized as Misses.
Ms. (a women for whom the marital status is either unknown or irrelevant) may be pluralized as either Mss. or Mses.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
How Do You Pluralize ‘Mr.’ and ‘Mrs.'?
It’s not as easy as it looks
What to Know
The plural of Mr. is Messrs.,
from the plural of Monsieur which is Messieurs,
and the plural of Mrs. is Mmes.,
from the plural of Madame whichis Mesdames.
The reason for this is that these honorifics, given the nature of their spelling, would have their meanings confused if one simply added an "-s" as they can with other honorifics such as "Drs."
The abbreviation Mr. comes from Middle English, where it was the abbreviation of maister, meaning “master.”
Master was the original preferred title for young unmarried men, and mister was specific to those who were married,
until the former fell out of use and the latter came to apply to both.
Mrs. is the abbreviation for mistress, a word that once mainly referred to the female head of a household.
As you might notice any time you’ve filled out your name on a form,
these courtesy titles are known as honorifics.
Because these titles appear more commonly in their abbreviated form than as whole words, the abbreviations have taken on lives of their own. One question that consequently arises is to how to spell the plural forms of these titles.
With other honorifics,
you can get away with a standard –s plural,
such as “Drs. Smith and Jones.”
But the pattern for Mr. and Mrs. is not as clear.
Mr. can be spelled out as Mister and consequently pluralized Misters,
but few people do that.
For one thing, if you tried to pluralize Mr. with a standard –s, it would almost certainly get confused with the singular honorific Mrs.
Similarly, trying to spell out a plural of Mrs. seems like it would induce a headache.
For a long time, these titles were never pluralized.
If you wanted to refer to two or more gentlemen,
for example, you would just say “Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones.”
This is a rare case where the accepted plural form of a word has a separate derivation from its corresponding singular form.Instead of attempting an English plural, we borrowed the abbreviations for the respective titles as they appear in French.
Borrowing from French
The French noun for Mister is Monsieur, and the noun for what gets abbreviated as Mrs. is Madame.
Respectively, they are pluralized as Messieurs and Mesdames.
Therefore, Mr. gets pluralized as Messrs.:
The talks this week followed a temporary trade truce reached by Messrs. Trump and Xi during their meeting in Argentina on Dec. 1.
— Lingling Wei, The Wall Street Journal, 9 Jan. 2019
That minimal aid, in the view of more recent traversers such as Messrs. O’Brady, Rudd and Worsley, disqualified Mr. Ousland’s epic solo jaunt from the laurel of an “unsupported” journey.
— David Roberts, The New York Times, 3 Jan. 2019
The plural of Mrs. shortens Mesdames to Mmes.:
Since the cameo sideline began, she had dressed as Mmes. Carter, Reagan, and Bush; had added Sandra Day O'Connor and Queen Elizabeth as the occasion warranted.
— Elinor Lipman, The Dearly Departed, 2001
The honorific Ms., once reserved for women whose marital status was unknown, is increasingly used of women both married and unmarried when such status is not a factor.
The plural form of this abbreviation is Mss. or Mses.,
and the title Miss , used traditionally for an unmarried girl or woman,
is simply pluralized as Misses.
In recent years, the honorific Mx. has come to be used as a courtesy title that gives no reference to a person’s gender.
There is not enough usage evidence to identify an established plural for Mx., but Mxes. has some currency.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage:
Ms. came into use in the 1940s. In the early 1970s the women's movement adopted and encouraged the use of Ms. on the grounds that since a man's marital status is not revealed by Mr., a woman's status should not be revealed by her title. Sincethen Ms. has gained wide currency, esp. in business and professional spheres.
pron:
The pronunciation of Ms. (miz) is identical with one standard South Midland and Southern U.S. pronunciation of Mrs.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
Many languages have courtesy titles
that distinguish women based on marital status and age.
In English, for example,
Mrs. has traditionally been used for married women
and Miss for unmarried women and girls. Equivalents in French, Spanish, Italian, and German are Madame/Mademoiselle, Señora/Señorita, Signora/Signorina, and Frau/Fräulein, respectively.
Many women, however, find the focus on a woman's marital status
(a distinction which isn't made in male courtesy titles,
such as Mr. and Herr) offensive.
Because of this view, in some languages courtesy titles that
once indicated "married" are becoming more widely used
as the polite form of address for all women.
In Germany and France, Fräulein and Mademoiselle are no longer listed on official forms and documents.
English is unique in its creation of a title, Ms.,
that like Mr., reveals nothing about one's marital status.
Despite this move away from the traditional structure for female courtesy titles, in all cultures some women still prefer the traditional forms.
If possible, one should refer to a woman with the courtesy title she prefers.
However, when in doubt as to a woman's preference, the custom in English is to use Ms. and, in many other languages, to use the title formerly reserved for married women.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Mr. & Mrs. & Ms.
Mr. is the abbreviation form of the title Misterwhen used with a name.
The plural is Messrs.
Examples:
Mr. Seth Mieley and Mrs. Alix Greenway won the dance contest.”
“Mmes. (or Mesdames) Forgaty and Sloan and Messrs. Nieley and White attended the play.”
“Since I don’t know and don’t care whether Barbara is married or single, call her Ms. Barbara kenneally.
