2020-10-31
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด L – lived – long-lived
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง lived = ‘LAHYVD’ or ‘LIVD’
long-lived = ‘LAWNG-LAHYVD’ or ‘long-LIVD’
Dictionary.com
PRONUNCIATION NOTE FOR LIVED
Lived, meaning “having a certain kind or extent of life,”
is not derived from the preterit and past participle of the verb live [liv],
but from the noun life [lahyf], to which the suffix -ed has been added.
The original pronunciation, therefore, and one still heard, is [lahyvd],
which retains the vowel (ī) of life.
Since the f of life changes to v with the addition of this suffix,
as when leaf becomes leaved,
this lived is identical in spelling with the preterit and past participle lived,
and conflation of the two has led to the increasinglyfrequent pronunciation of this lived as [livd]
in such combinations as long-lived and short-lived.
Both pronunciations are considered standard.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Live & Reside
The word reside moved into the English lexicon in the 1400s, where it settled alongside older, more established terms like live, abide and dwell. The details of its provenance aren't certain—it came to 15th century English from either the French of the day (the word resider) or directly from the Latin residēre. Live, abide, and dwell had been members of the English language since the language's earliest days, and if any of them (or the people who used them) had feelings about the interloper, those feelings have been lost over time. Shakespeare found reside occasionally useful, as in this from Antony and Cleopatra, where he'd already used one of the other words in the sentence:
Our separation so abides and flies / That thou, residing here, goes yet with me, / And I, hence fleeting, here remain with thee.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
In expressions like “long-lived”
pronouncing the last part to rhyme with “dived” is more traditional,
but rhyming it with “sieved” is so common that it’s now widely acceptable.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
pron: The adjective lived is not derived from the verb live (lɪv)
but from the noun life (laɪf) to which the suffix -ed3 has been added.
The original pronunciation, therefore, retains the vowel (ī) of life.
Since the f of life changes to v when -ed is added,
as when leaf becomes leaved,
this lived is identical in spelling to the past and past participle lived,
which is pronounced (lɪvd)
Conflation of the two words has led to the increasing use of the latter pronunciation for the adjective
in such combinations as long-lived and short-lived.
Both pronunciations (laɪvd, lɪvd) are now considered standard.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
long′-lived′ness n.
Word History:
Some uncertainty exists as to the correct pronunciation of long-lived.
Should one say (lông′līvd′) or (lông′lĭvd′)?
The answer depends in part on how one looks at the word.
Historically, the first pronunciation is the more accurate.
The word was formed in Middle English times as a compound of long and the noun life, plus the suffix -ed.
This suffix, though identical in form to the past tense suffix,
has a different function: to form adjectives from nouns,
as in the words hook-nosed, ruddy-faced, and round-shouldered.
(Note that English has no verbs such as"to hook-nose," and "to ruddy-face,"
that would have formed participial adjectives ending in -ed.)
In Middle English, the suffix -ed was always pronounced as a full syllable, so long-lifed (as it was then spelled) had three syllables.
The f in the middle, by a rule of earlier English phonology, was voiced between the two vowels to (v);
eventually, the spelling became long-lived to reflect the pronunciation. (We see the same alternation in life and lives; in Middle English, lives had two syllables just like -lived.)
However, this new spelling introduced an ambiguity;
it was no longer clear from the spelling that the word came from the noun life, but rather looked as though it came from the verb live.
In this way a second pronunciation, (lông′lĭvd′), was introduced.
