2020-09-12
180823 คำชวนสับสน ชุด E – e.g. – i.e.
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “E.G,” = ‘ee-jee’
ออกเสียง “I.E.” = ‘ahy-ee’
Dictionary.com
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH E.G.
Latin as a school subject was once as common as chalk,
from middle schools to universities.
That may no longer be the case, but as speakers, writers, and readers,
we still use and encounter plenty of Latin words and phrases.
Sometimes these words and phrases are most familiar as abbreviations
—the prime example being etc.,
which we use every day as a substitute for “and so forth” or “and so on.”
Even though etc. is pronounced as if it were spelled out in full ( et cetera ),
not everyone realizesthat et cetera is in fact the two-word Latin phrase
they’re using and that it literally does mean “and the rest.”
While etc. may win the prize for frequency of use,
there are two other Latin abbreviations that also are very familiar: e.g. and i.e.
Unlike etc., neither e.g. nor i.e. is pronounced as if it were spelled out,
but rather just by the initials (the same way you would pronounce a.m. / p.m. or FBI ).
As useful abbreviations go, e.g. and i.e. are a great pair,
but the main reason they’re even thought of as a pair is that they are sometimes confused, which is understandable given the absence of Latin in a typical modern education.
So let’s have a quick Latin lesson and learn the simple facts about these two abbreviations.
E.g., used as a substitute for the words “for example” or “such as,”
is short forthe Latin exemplī grātiā, which literally means “for the sake of example.”
I.e., used as a substitute for the words “that is,” “that is to say,” or “in other words,”
is short for the Latin id est, which literally means “that is.”
Now that we’ve got the meanings down, let’s look at some actual usage.
e.g. = “for example”
• If you’re worried about a house full of dog hair,
remember there are many nonshedding breeds
—e.g., silky terriers, Basenjis, and Lhasa apsos.
• I’ve got no food restrictions, but some things I’d sooner not eat, e.g., oysters.
• The most applauded moments were her soliloquies—e.g., at the end of Scene 1.
i.e. = “that is (to say)” or “in other words”
• Our son’s adorable pound puppy is my favorite breed —i.e., a mutt!
• There’s only one way I don’t like my potatoes prepared, i.e., boiled.
• The critics called the performance “scintillating” and “dazzling”—i.e., they loved it.
Hopefully, the preceding sentences have shown how useful (and very different in meaning) these abbreviations are, but that won’t help someone who wants to use one and can’t at the moment remember which one means what.
If all else fails, think of e.g. as the beginning of egsample (not a real word,
but one that sounds like example ).
That technique may not make you a Latin scholar,
but it might help put you on the right track to the right usage!
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Frequently Asked Questions About i.e.
What is the difference between i.e. and e.g.?
I.e. and e.g. are both abbreviations of Latin phrases.
I.e. stands for id est, which means "that is." It introduces a rewording or a clarification, as in "The cough may last for a short period of time—i.e., three to five days."
E.g. stands for exempli gratia, which means "for example." It introduces one or more examples that illustrate something stated, as in "Submit a sample of academic writing—e.g., a dissertation chapter."
Is i.e. capital or lowercase?
Capitalize i.e. only when it is at the beginning of a sentence.
How do you use i.e.?
Use i.e. where the phrases "that is" and "in other words" are appropriate.
It is always followed by a comma.
For example, "They live in The Big Apple, i.e., New York City."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
The abbreviation i.e. comes from the Latin phrase id est, which means "that is," and it is used in English with that meaning (or loosely "that is to say" or "what that means is") to introduce something that explains or clarifies a preceding statement more fully or exactly or that restates it in more simple or different terms. In other words, it means "in other words."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
What to Know
I.e. is an abbreviation for the phrase id est, which means "that is."
I.e. is used to restate something said previously in order to clarify its meaning.
E.g., on the other hand, is short for exempli gratia, which means "for example."
E.g. is used before an item or list of items that serve as examples for the previous statement.
Latin may be a language of antiquity, but a healthy number of Latin abbreviations continued to be used with regularity in modern English, and not just in scholarly writing.
While a lot of Latin abbreviations are rather straightforward (such as etc. for et cetera to mean “and so on” after a list of items), others are apt to be confused, especially if you aren’t aware of what they stand for.
Two abbreviations that are frequently confused even by the most conscientious writers are i.e. and e.g.
Not only do they sort of resemble one another, they are used with a level of similarity that can make it hard to keep track which means which.
It’s probably not a coincidence that they are among the most commonly looked-up abbreviations in the dictionary.
How to Use 'i.e.'
I.e. stands for id est, or “that is,” and is used in front of a word or phrase that restateswhat has been said previously. That restatement is meant to clarify the earlier statement:
While i.e. is often set off by brackets or parentheses,
it can sometimes follow a comma or em dash.
It is usually followed by a comma that sets off the restatement that comes after.
How to Use 'e.g.'
E.g. stands for exempli gratia in Latin and means “for example.”
Just like the English phrase, it is used before an item or list of items that stand as an example of the category of thing stated earlier:
It should be highlighted here how e.g. functions differentlyfrom i.e.
Like i.e., e.g. is often, but not always, set off by parentheses.
Since both abbreviations are used in similar situations, with similar functions—following a noun or category and preceding another noun or list—the tendency to confuse them is understandable.
One mnemonic device that could help keep them straight is to remember that e.g. and example begin with the same letter, while i.e. begins with the same letter as is (found in that is).
It also helps to remember that both that is and for example function in English in the same way as i.e. and e.g., respectively, so that each can be swapped out for its English counterpart:
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Namely – i.e.
Namely and i.e. are both used to give more information about something that you have just mentioned.
1. 'namely'
You use namely to say exactly what you mean when you have just referred to something in a general or indirect way.
One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
This virus was shown to be responsible for causing a very common illness, namely glandular fever.
2. 'i.e.'
You use i.e. when you are giving an explanation of a word or expression that you have just used.
You must be an amateur, i.e. someone who has never competed for prize money in athletics.
A good pass in French (i.e. at least grade B) is desirable.
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
e.g./i.e.
When you mean “for example,” use e.g. It is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase exempli gratia. When you mean “that is,” use “i.e.”
It is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase id est.
Either can be used to clarify a preceding statement, the first by example, the second by restating the idea more clearly or expanding upon it.
Because these uses are so similar, the two abbreviations are easily confused.
If you just stick with good old English “for example” and “that is” you won’t give anyone a chance to sneer at you.
If you insist on using the abbreviation, perhaps “example given” will remind you to use “e.g.,” while “in effect” suggests “I.E.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
ให้คำแปล เมื่อต้องการให้หมายถึง “for example”
ต้องใช้คำย่อว่า “e.g.” มาจาก Latin ว่า “exempli gratia.”
และ ให้คำแปล เมื่อต้องการให้หมายถึง “that is”
ต้องใช้คำย่อว่า “i.e.” ที่มาจาก Latin ว่า “id est”
หากแต่ ทั้ง “e.g.” และ “i.e.”
ไม่อาจใช้ เพื่อ อธิบาย ข้อความที่มาก่อนหน้า
โดยใช้ “e.g.” หมายถึง “ตัวอย่าง”
ส่วน “i.e.” ใช้ย้ำ “แนวคิดให้ชัดเจนหรือขยายคำนั้น”
เมื่อใช้ สองคำนี้ มักทำให้สับสนได้ง่าย
เคล็ดลับ การจำ “ให้นึกถึง ‘example given’ สำหรับ ‘e.g.’”
และจำว่า “in effect” สำหรับ “i.e.”
เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยง ควรใช้คำเต็ม คือ ”for example” และ “that is”
