2020-09-12
180815 คำชวนสับสน ในการใช้ ชุด D – Draft – draught
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “DRAFT” = ‘drahft’
เมื่อสะกดแบบ British English = “DRAUGHT”
ออกเสียง เช่นเดียวกัน
Dictionary.com
PRONUNCIATION NOTE FOR DRAUGHT
Draught is a variant spelling of draft and is normally pronounced the same way, as [draft] or [drahft] or with a vowel somewhere between [a] and [ah].
A pronunciation [drawt] is sometimes heard for draught, perhaps because -aught is frequently pronounced [-awt] elsewhere, as in caught and taught.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Draft' vs. 'Draught'
They're spelling variants but aren't exactlyinterchangeable.
What to Know
Draft and draught can be used to refer to an "early sketch or plan," "beer on tap," or even "dragging or pulling a load."
In American English, draft is used for all of these, except fancy bars that will have foreign "draught beers."
In British English, draft is used for the plans and sketches, while draught is used for beer and pulling, such as a "draught horse."
In American English, draught is rarely used as a spelling variant of draft,
except for one main setting: in reference to beer or the container from which it is poured.
While the draft spelling is much more common for beer in American English, draught is sometimes used for imported beers or the beer "on draught" at American establishments that are either notably British or notably fancy. Otherwise, draught is strictly a British English variant.
The words go back to Middle English and are related to Old English 'dragan,' meaning "to pull, draw, or drag."
Draught in British English
In current British English, both draught and draft are frequently used,
and they are used in specific senses.
Draft, for one, is typically used for a preliminary sketch or outline and for its corresponding verb; it is also used for an order for the payment of money from a person or bank.
Oddly, however, despite these uses of draft referring to acts of sketching, planning, and writing in British English, draught is preferred in contexts relating to technical drawing—or, rather, the work of a draughtsperson.
British usage dictates draftsperson to be reserved for someone who draws up legal and official documents.
Draught is also used in British English in reference to horses or other farm animals used in hauling and a cold current of air—American English uses draft in these senses.
The word draft (or draught) goes back to Middle English and is related to Old English dragan, meaning "to pull, draw, or drag," which is reflected in the word's semantic development relating to acts of pulling loads, drawing up plans, sketches, and money orders, and taking in beer, water, air, etc.
It also sheds light on draughts as the name for the game of checkers in which pieces are "dragged" over a board. (The source of the American name of the game is the checkered pattern on the game board.)
In Middle English, draft is attested in various forms—including draht, drawt, drawght, and draught.
It's from the gh spelling that we getthe \f\ pronunciation
(the digraph gh began being said that way in Middle English)
as well as draft, which began to gain ground by the 18th century.
This pronunciation also led to phonetic spelling variants of words like dafter and daufter for daughter, which might be why Shakespeare rhymed after with daughter in this couplet from The Taming of the Shrew:
So could I, faith, boy, to have the next wish after, / That Lucentio indeed had Baptista's youngest daughter.
American Usage of Draft
As American English developed and became distinctfrom British English, use of draught lessened and draft replaced it in all its senses.
A relatively recent development for draft in American English is the sports sense, referring to the system used by professional teams for the selection of new players. That sense dates to the late 1800s; the related sense referring to the selection of individuals for military service goes back to the early 1700s.
Currently, use of expressions like "fantasy draught," "team draught," and "player draught" haven't caught on, so if we were a betting dictionary (and we are), we'd betthat the sports sense will be adopted into British English as draft.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Draught - draft
Draught and draft are both pronounced (/drɑːft/).
1. used as nouns
In British English, a draught is a current of air coming into a room or vehicle.
The draught from the window stirred the papers on her desk.
They used to open the windows and doors to create a draught.
In American English, this is spelled draft.
A draft of steamy air blew out at them and Meers said, 'Jesus, we left the heat on'.
In British English, draughts is a game played by two people with round pieces on a board like a chessboard. This game is called checkers in American English.
In both British and American English, a draft of a letter, book, or speech is an early version of it.
...the change from the first draft to the final printed version.
He showed me the draft of an article he was writing.
2. 'draft' used as a verb
Draft can also be a verb. In both British and American English, when people are drafted somewhere, they are moved there to do a particular job.
Extra staff were drafted from Paris to Rome.
In American English, if you are drafted, you are ordered to serve in one of the armed forces.
I was drafted into the navy.
He took a temporary job while he was waiting to be drafted.
In British English, you usually say that someone is called up.
He was called up for National Service in 1950 and served as a driver with the Royal Signals.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
ให้รายละเอียด การใช้ “draft” และ “draught” ที่ออกเสียงเหมือนกัน
ว่า เมื่อใช้เป็น “นาม”
ใน “British English” สะกด “draught” หมายถึง
“กระแสลมที่ไหลเข้าสู่ห้อง/ยานพาหนะ” เช่น
“The draught from the window stirred the papers on the desk.”
“They used to open the windows and doors to create a draught.”
ใน “American English” สะกด “draft” เช่น
“A draft of steamy air blew out at them and Meers said. ’Jesus, we left the heat on’”
อธิบายว่าใน “British English” คือ
“เกม ที่เล่นโดย สองคน ใช้ตัวเล่นเป็น แป้นกลม วางบนแผ่นเหมือน chessboard”
แบบเดียวกับเกม ที่เรียกใน “American English” ว่า “checkers”
ในการใช้ ทั้ง “British English” และ “American English”
ให้ความหมาย “draft” คือ “จดหมาย/สมุด” หรือ “คำพูด” ที่เป็น รุ่นแรก เช่น
“…. The change from the first draft to the final printed version.”
“He showed me the draft of an article he was writing.”
เมื่อใช้เป็น “กริยา”
สามารถ ใช้ “draft” ในรูป กริยา
ได้ทั้ง “British English” และ “American English” หมายถึง
“When people are drafted somewhere, they are moved there to do a particular job.” เช่น
“Extra staff were drafted from Paris to Rome.”
ในการใช้ แบบ “American English”
ถ้าคุณ “are drafted” หมายถึง
“You are ordered to serve in one of the armed forces,” เช่น
“I was drafted into the navy.”
“He took a temporary job where he was waiting to be drafted.”
ในการใช้ แบบ “British English”
ตามปกติ กล่าวว่า “บางคน ‘is called up’” เช่น
“He was called up for National Service in 1950 and served as a driver with the Royal Signals.”
Kerneman English Multilingual Dictionary:
ให้คำแปล “draft”
เมื่อใช้เป็น นาม ว่าคือ
“ฉบับร่าง” เช่น “A rough draft of my speech.”
“การเกณฑ์ทหาร”
“ตั๋วแลกเงิน” เช่น “A draft for $80.”
“ทหารเกณฑ์” เช่น “He emigrated to avoid the draft”
โดยที่ “American English” ใช้ แทนด้วย “conscription”
คำแปล “draft”
เมื่อใช้เป็น กริยา ว่าคือ
“ร่าง” เช่น “Could you draft a report on this?”
“เกณฑ์ทการ” เช่น “He was “He was drafted into the Navy.”
คำแปลของ สำนวน
“dodge the draft” = “หนีทหาร”
“draft dodger” = “หนีทหาร”
“draft evasion” = “การหนีทหาร”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
ให้ความหมาย “draft” คือ
1. “a drawing” “sketch” หรือ “design”
2. “a current of air”
3. “The act of drawing or pulling loads.”
4. “The taking of money or other supplies from a source.”
5. “Selection by lot.”
ให้ความหมาย “draught” ว่า เป็นการอ้างอิง ถึง:
1. “Drawing liquid from a container.”
2. “The act of drinking.”
3. “A drink.”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
โดยที่ ทั้ง “draft” และ “draught”
ต่างอ้างอิงถึง “กระแสลม”
แต่มีความหมาย แตกต่าง เมื่อใช้เป็น อย่างอื่น
โดยใน “British English”
เลือกที่จะใช้การสะกดว่า “draught” กับ
หลายความหมาย ที่เป็น คำแปลของ “draft” เช่น
“Suddenly she felt a cold draft (หรือ draught) of fresh air.” “Jim took a long draught of cold beer.”
(ในช่วงเวลาปัจจุบัน ใช้การสะกดว่า “draft” มากขึ้น ในความหมายนี้) เช่น
“I shall issue a draft against your account at the bank.”
“He owns two heavy draft horses.”
“When a draft of fresh air entered the room, he took a draught of it into his lungs.”
