2020-09-10
171104 คำชวนสับสน ในการใช้ ชุด D – Diagnosis & prognosis
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “diagnosis” = “dahy-uh g-NOH-sis”
ออกเสียง “prognosis” = “prog-NOH-sis”
Dictionary.com
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH DIAGNOSIS
Although diagnosis and prognosis are both very familiar medical terms, they are sometimes used interchangeably (by nonmedical people),
as if they were synonymous words. They are not.
When a person is unwell and asks a doctor, what is wrong with them,
what they are asking for is a diagnosis.
Examining the symptoms, as with a thermometer or stethoscope, and evaluating the results of a procedure such as a throat culture, blood test, or x-ray will help the doctor identify the patient’s illness.
Whatever that ailment may be, the identification, or naming of it, is the diagnosis. The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was very disheartening. The diagnosis is an acute case of tendinitis.
Once a patient has been given a diagnosis, the next thing they’ll want to know is what sort of an outcome they can expect, which means they want to know the prognosis.
Unlike diagnoses, which are conclusively based on tangible evidence,
prognoses are reasonable predictions based on past observations of similar cases.
A prognosis gives the patient an idea of what to expect about the course of their illness, including the probability of recovery.
As ailments range from the most superficial to the most life-threatening, it is typical for the word prognosis to be qualified by such adjectives as excellent, favorable, good, positive, negative, poor, dire, grim.
Doctors will never tire of telling us, “Early detection and treatment are your best bets for a positive prognosis.” And no one wants to say, “The prognosis was so poor that he could no longer hide his condition from his family.”
In nonmedical contexts, diagnosis still carries its meaning of naming or identifying something, especially when that involves a situation or problem. When our computer kept crashing, the tech said that nearby UFO activity could be the reason, so we got another tech—and a proper, earthbound diagnosis!
Likewise, prognosis is used outside of medical contexts, retaining its meaning of reasonable prediction. As a lover of pesticide-free smoothies, I’m pleased to say that the prognosis for the future of organic farming has never been better.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English:
DIAGNOSIS is the identification of an prognosis? illness or a difficulty. PROGNOSIS is the forecast of its likely development and effects.
ให้ความหมาย นาม “diagnosis” คือ
“the identification of an illness/difficulty” =
“การ วินิจฉัยระบุ ลักษณะของการเจ็บป่วย/ความยากลำบาก”
ส่วน “prognosis” หมายถึง
“the forecast of its likely development and effects” =
“การพยากรณ์ พัฒนาการหรือผลกระทบ ที่น่าจะเกิดขึ้น”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Prognosis Is Not Just a Medical Term
With its prefix pro-, meaning "before", prognosis means basically "knowledge beforehand" of how a situation is likely to turn out.
Prognosis was originally a strictly medical term,
but it soon broadened to include predictions made by experts of all kinds. Thus, for example, economists are constantly offering prognoses
(notice the irregular plural form) about where the economy is going,
and climate scientists regularly prognosticate about how quickly the earth's atmosphere is warming.
Merriam-webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
'Diagnosis' vs. 'Prognosis'
They occur alphabetically, literally and figuratively.
What to Know
A diagnosis is an identification of a disease via examination.
What follows is a prognosis, which is a prediction of the course of the disease as well as the treatment and results.
A helpful trick is that a diagnosis comes before a prognosis, and diagnosis is before prognosis alphabetically. Additionally, diagnosis and detection both start with "d" whereas prognosis and prediction both start with "p."
We're going to diagnose—that is, identify for you—
the issue with the above sentences and prescribe how to alleviate it.
Our diagnosis is a confusion with the words diagnosis and prognosis.
Our prognosis is not very hopeful,
mainly because diagnosis and prognosis are both medical terms
and they derive from similar roots, which means, in the minds of quite a few people, they are likely compartmentalized together.
The Origins of 'Diagnosis' and 'Prognosis'
Gno and gni are Latin and Greek roots found in words with the basal meaning of "to know."
In Latin, for example, the word for "to get/come to know" is gnōscere; in Greek, it is gignōskein.
The roots run to English's verb know.
Other rooted words you may recognize
(which itself is a word meaning "to know again")
and some you may be ignorant of (meaning "to not know").
In addition to the two just mentioned,
there is agnostic, cognitive, incognito,
and—yes—diagnosis and prognosis, among others.
'Diagnosis' vs. 'Prognosis'
As you are aware, people sometimes confuse diagnosis and prognosis.
Since time is of the essence:
diagnosis is used to identify a present disease, illness, problem, etc.,
by examination and observation (of signs and symptoms);
prognosis refers to predicting the course of the diagnosed disease, illness, problem, etc., and determining treatment and outcome.
To be clear, the prognosis comes after the diagnosis; a diagnosis precedes a prognosis.
Knowing the meaning of the ancient roots is certainly beneficial in this case as well as for overall vocabulary building.
The prefix dia- can mean "through," "during," or "across,"
so diagnosis can be thought of as a recognition of a disease during examination or observation.
Having the prefix pro-, meaning "before," prognosis essentially means "knowledge beforehand" and, by extension, it is used to indicate how a situation is likely to turn out.
Prognosis was originally a medical term for the doctor's prognostication, but the word soon broadened in meaning to include predictions made by experts of all kinds.
Thus, for example,
economists offer prognoses (notice the irregular plural form—the plural of diagnosis is diagnoses) about where the economy is going,
and climate scientists prognosticate about the effects of global warming.
Similarly, diagnosis is applied outside of medicine—for example, you might run a computer diagnosis.
Tricks for Remembering 'Diagnosis' and 'Prognosis'
Our Rx: mnemonics. The letter d comes before p in the alphabet so a diagnosis comes before a prognosis.
Diagnosis occurs on the day of the doctor's visit
and is a determination/detection/discovery of a disease.
Prognosis is a prediciton/prophecy of what's to come, concerning progression of the disease and its outcome, post-visit.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
อธิบาย ความหมาย “prognosis”
แต่เดิม เป็นคำเฉพาะใช้ ทางการแพทย์ อย่างเคร่งครัด
ต่อมาขยายความหมาย ครอบคลุม ถึง
“predictions made by experts of all kinds” =
“การพยากรณ์ ใช้กับทุกรูปแบบ ทำโดยผู้เชี่ยวชาญ” เช่น
‘Economists are constantly offering prognoses about where the economy is going.’ (โปรดสังเกต รูปพหูพจน์ ที่เปลี่ยนตัวสะกด)
‘Climate scientists regularly prognosticate about how quickly the earth’s atmosphere is warming.’
คำนำหน้า “pro-” หมายถึง “before”
ความหมายพื้นฐาน ของ “prognosis” จึงเป็น
“knowledge beforehand” =
“การล่วงรู้ ก่อนหน้า ว่าสถานการณ์ น่าจะมีผลอย่างไร”
