2020-09-09
170909-2 คำชวนสับสน ชุด D – Defer & delay & postpone
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “defer” =“dih-FUR”
ออกเสียง “delay” = “dih-LEY”
ออกเสียง “postpone” = “pohst-POHN”
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR DEFER
Defer, delay, postpone
imply keeping something from occurring until a future time.
To defer is to decide to do something later on: to defer making a payment.
To delay is sometimes equivalent to defer,
but usually it is to act in a dilatory manner
and thus lay something aside: to delay one's departure.
To postpone a thing is to put it offto (usually) some particular time in the future, with the intention of beginning or resuming it then:
to postpone an election. 3. procrastinate.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for defer
Verb (1)
DEFER, POSTPONE, SUSPEND, STAY
mean to delay an action or proceeding.
DEFER implies a deliberate putting off to a later time. deferred buying a car until spring
POSTPONE implies an intentional deferring usually to a definite time. the game is postponed until Saturday
SUSPEND implies temporary stoppage with an added suggestion of waiting until some condition is satisfied. business will be suspended while repairs are underway
STAY often suggests the stopping or checking by an intervening agency or authority. the governor stayed the execution
Verb (2)
YIELD, SUBMIT, CAPITULATE, SUCCUMB, RELENT, DEFER
mean to give way to someone or something that one can no longer resist.
YIELD may apply to any sort or degree of giving way before force, argument, persuasion, or entreaty. yields too easily in any argument
SUBMIT suggests full surrendering after resistance or conflict to the will or control of another. a repentant sinner vowing to submit to the will of God
CAPITULATE stresses the fact of ending all resistance and may imply either a coming to terms (as with an adversary) or hopelessness in the face of an irresistible opposing force. officials capitulated to the protesters' demands
SUCCUMB implies weakness and helplessness to the one that gives way or an overwhelming power to the opposing force. a stage actor succumbing to the lure of Hollywood
RELENT implies a yielding through pity or mercy by one who holds the upper hand. finally relented and let the children stay up late
DEFER implies a voluntary yielding or submitting out of respect or reverence for or deference and affection toward another. I defer to your expertise in these matters
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF DEFER
Defer “to put off, delay” comes from Middle English deferen, differren
“to put off, delay, be different, differentiate, refer a matter for decision; defer to, show respect or deference to,”
from Old French def(f)erer, dif(f)erer “to have different qualities, be different, be dissimilar,”
from Latin differre “to carry away, carry in different directions, differ, postpone, adjourn.”
Differre is composed of the prefix dif- (a variant of dis- used before f ) “apart, asunder” and the simple verb ferre “to carry, bear.”
Defer and differ were originally the same word,
but spellings with def- for etymologically correct dif-,
which first appeared in the 15th century, have become standard in part because of the sense “to put off, delay” (absent in differ ), in part because of the accent being on the root (second) syllable, and in part through association with delay .
The meaning “to exempt temporarily from military service” first appeared in 1941.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
อธิบายว่า ทั้ง ”defer” “delay” และ “postpone”
ต่างแสดงนัย
“keeping/preventing” = “รักษา หรือป้องกัน”
“มิให้ บางสิ่ง เกิดขึ้นจนกระทั่งเวลา ต่อมา” เช่น
‘I recommend that we defer (หรือ “delay” หรือ “postpone”) this action to our next meeting.’
โดย “defer” หมายถึง
“to make decision” = ทำการตัดสินใจ ที่จะทำบางสิ่ง ในภายหลัง เช่น
‘I shall defer making a decision until tomorrow.’
โดย “delay” หมายถึง
“to lay” = (จัดวาง) บางสิ่งไว้ข้างๆ หรือ
“to impede/hinder” = (ขัดขวาง/กีดกัน) หรือ
“to put something off” = (หยุดการทำบางอย่าง) เช่น
‘I’ll delay answering this letter until I feel like writing.’
โดย “postpone” หมายถึง
“to put something off to a particular time in the future” =
(หยุดทำบางสิ่ง รอจนถึงอีกเวลาหนึ่งในอนาคต) ถึงจะทำต่อ เช่น
‘This election should be postponed until our next session.’
สามารถใช้ แต่ละคำ ในรูป กริยา “-ing” แต่ไม่ใช้กับ “infinitive” เช่น
‘He deferred leaving.’ (มิใช่ ‘he deferred to leave)
‘He delayed leaving.’ หรือ ‘He postponed leaving.’
Collins COBUILD English Usage
อธิบาย การใช้ “delay” “cancel” “postpone” และ “put off”
“ถ้าคุณ ‘delay’ การทำบางอย่าง” หมายถึง
“คุณจะทำสิ่งนั้น ในภายหลัง” เช่น
‘The government delayed granting passports to them until a week before their departure.’
‘Try and persuade them to delay some of the changes.’
“ถ้า เครื่องบิน/รถไฟ หรือรถโดยสาร” “is delayed” หมายถึง
“สิ่งนั้น ถูกขัดขวาง มิให้ออก หรือมาถึง ได้ตามเวลา” เช่น
‘The coach was delayed for about five hours.’
‘The flight has been delayed one hour, due to weather conditions.’
“ถ้าคุณ ‘cancel’ บางสิ่ง ที่ได้จัดเตรียมไว้แล้ว” หมายถึง
“คุณตัดสินใจ เป็นทางการ ว่าจะมิให้มันเกิดขึ้น” เช่น
‘The Russian foreign minister has cancelled his trip to Washington.’
‘Over 80 flights were cancelled because of bad weather.’
“ถ้าคุณ “postpone” หรือ “put off” เหตุการณ์หนึ่ง” หมายถึง
“คุณจัดการให้มันเกิดขึ้นได้ในภายหลัง เลยจากเวลาที่กำหนดไว้แต่เดิม”
โดยนิยมใช้ “postpone” มากกว่า “put off” เช่น
‘The crew did not know that the invasion had been postponed.’
‘This is not a decision that can be put off much longer.’
‘The Association has put the event off until October.’
